…repertoire of available methods includes echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), cardiac computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission computed tomography (PET…

…combination with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) to assess myocardial perfusion and blood flow. These imaging modalities are highly…

…recovery of ejection fraction, and survival has been challenged by randomized trials. Relationship between viability and LV recovery Observational studies and positron emission tomography (PET…

…tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other…

…Clinical Purpose Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) is a radionuclide based method for assessing…

Procedurer The insertion itself is rarely the difficult part — it is the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced…

…that ensures that no other sound waves affect the transducer. The crystals are supported by a backing layer that suppresses the vibrations of the crystals…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of an emergency intubation is rarely the laryngoscopy itself but what was done before it: how well the patient was…

…makes prior imaging particularly important when interpreting a current LVEF of 41–49%. Diagnostic phenotype Criterion HFmrEF Symptoms and/or signs of heart failure Required…

…tip, using the thumb and the forefinger, while remaining fingers stabilize the grip. The transducer tends to glide out of position due to the gel…

…but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the head relative to gravity: perform Dix Hallpike and, if needed…

…the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked obesity or spinal disease that makes positioning impossible. Severe angina, heart failure or recent myocardial…

…Nitroprusside Figure 1. The approximate position of each drug according to its vasoconstrictor effect (vertical axis) and its positive inotropic effect (horizontal axis). Grey =…

…devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation thresholds and improves success, and…

…quality. Determining ventilation rate. Verifying the position of the tracheal tube. Evaluating the efficacy of chest compressions. Identifying return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Prognostication. Potential…

…such that the vein can be fully compressed in the supine position in a cardiac arrest. For women beyond the 20 th week of pregnancy…

…or raised Other Moderate work of breathing Accessory muscle use Cyanosis, exhaustion, hypotension or collapse The classification is based on a combination of clinical findings…

…marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior…

…saw, protective sheeting Hot water gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk of burns Document the distal neurovascular status before casting : sensation, motor…

…cooperate — consider sedation, a different position or a different vessel. Choice of site Vessel Advantages Disadvantages : : : Internal jugular vein (right) Best ultrasound conditions, a straight…

…in which the patient reaches hospital early. The benefit of both methods falls steeply with the time since ingestion, and both can harm the patient…

…or ruptured membranes in pregnancy — a speculum may be used, but not digital examination until the position of the placenta is known. Recent gynaecological surgery…

…important indication and an emergency procedure . An unclear arthritis, as part of the diagnostic work up. Haemarthrosis after trauma. A symptomatic effusion causing pain or…

…kills because the tube would not pass, but because the team keeps trying to intubate instead of changing the plan. The aim is always oxygenation…

…Only clinical signs of herniation halt the puncture, and antibiotics and a corticosteroid are then given immediately after blood cultures. For questions other than acute…

…is reached. Indications Diagnostic aspiration: a new pleural effusion of unclear cause. An effusion not confidently explained by heart failure must be aspirated. Suspected empyema…

…afterwards whether a nerve injury was caused by the injury or by the treatment. Indications A clinically or radiologically confirmed dislocation of the shoulder, elbow…

Neurologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Definition and aims of treatment Convulsive status epilepticus in adults is present with: an ongoing generalised tonic clonic seizure lasting at least…

…Position the pads, preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula…

…Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather…

…Blood pressure and heart rate should be measured in the supine position and after 3 minutes of standing to determine if orthostatic hypotension is present…

…if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other methods fail to open…

…heart. Symptoms of ischemic heart disease are generally not related to body position or respiration. Triggering factors Symptoms triggered by exercise/effort (what level of…

…Relocate to a safe position if required. 2. Confirm cardiac arrest In case of a collapse (out of hospital or in hospital) the first task…

…cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cardiac computerized tomography (CT), ergospirometry (exercise stress testing), and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH…

…to the heart in supine position) leads to an immediate increase in ejection fraction. Similarly, a decrease in afterload (e.g by means of decreased…

…blood tests and other radiological examinations are most often required, in particular computed tomography (DT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anatomy of the pericardium…

…and clinical features The pericardium is a double walled sac in which the heart and the roots of the great vessels are contained (Figure 1)…

…of the sternum. It provides imaging planes of the long axis of the heart. Figure 2 illustrates the position of the transducer, the orientation of…

…diastole. Deformation imaging has been implemented in clinical practice and is now widely recommended. This chapter discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of deformation (strain…

…state of knowledge on Takotsubo syndrome: a Position Statement from the Taskforce on Takotsubo Syndrome of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of…

…myocardial infarction (STEMI) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the basal portion of the left lateral wall posteriorly…

…STEMI (STE ACS) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the basal portion of the left lateral wall posteriorly…

…to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead ECG require…