…gamma cameras to create tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron…

…Definition and Clinical Purpose Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) is a radionuclide based method…

…combination with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) to assess myocardial perfusion and blood flow. These imaging modalities are highly…

…repertoire of available methods includes echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), cardiac computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission computed tomography (PET…

…recovery of ejection fraction, and survival has been challenged by randomized trials. Relationship between viability and LV recovery Observational studies and positron emission tomography (PET…

Procedurer The insertion itself is rarely the difficult part — it is the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced…

…the ultrasound machine creates an image of the tissues. Thus, the principle of ultrasound imaging is simple: sound waves are sent into the tissue and…

…oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with…

…from a previous value of at least 50%. A patient with persistently mildly reduced systolic function. This dynamic nature makes prior imaging particularly important when…

…tip, using the thumb and the forefinger, while remaining fingers stabilize the grip. The transducer tends to glide out of position due to the gel…

…but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the head relative to gravity: perform Dix Hallpike and, if needed…

…proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the posterior fossa. Preparation and equipment No special…

…Nitroprusside Figure 1. The approximate position of each drug according to its vasoconstrictor effect (vertical axis) and its positive inotropic effect (horizontal axis). Grey =…

…devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation thresholds and improves success, and…

…quality. Determining ventilation rate. Verifying the position of the tracheal tube. Evaluating the efficacy of chest compressions. Identifying return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Prognostication. Potential…

…Additional offloading of the vena cava can be accomplished using a wedge board (or any hard material) to tilt the body 15 to 30° to…

…features or an inadequate response. First line treatment is oxygen in hypoxaemia, repeated doses of an inhaled short acting β2 agonist, ipratropium in more severe…

…What usually ruins the examination is not the technique but the handling of the specimen — an aspirate that clots before the smears are made is…

…that position until the cast has set. 2. Pull on the stockinette so that it extends a few centimetres beyond the planned ends of the…

…cooperate — consider sedation, a different position or a different vessel. Choice of site Vessel Advantages Disadvantages : : : Internal jugular vein (right) Best ultrasound conditions, a straight…

…oxygen and complete equipment for intubation and ventilation must be to hand before the lavage begins. The head of the trolley must be able to…

…or ruptured membranes in pregnancy — a speculum may be used, but not digital examination until the position of the placenta is known. Recent gynaecological surgery…

…important indication and an emergency procedure . An unclear arthritis, as part of the diagnostic work up. Haemarthrosis after trauma. A symptomatic effusion causing pain or…

…kills because the tube would not pass, but because the team keeps trying to intubate instead of changing the plan. The aim is always oxygenation…

…a lumbar puncture is rarely the needle itself. It is the decision whether to perform it now or after imaging, how the patient is positioned…

…Choose a point with at least 15 mm depth of fluid throughout the respiratory cycle and where the lung does not come up against the…

…be lowered, preferably allowing the prone position. Monitoring: pulse oximetry, blood pressure, ECG and capnography during sedation, with oxygen and a bag available. Drugs for…

…the mouth. Suction the mouth as needed and place the patient in the recovery position when this is practicable. Give oxygen if hypoxaemic. Use a…

…2. Position the pads, preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left…

…promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients. Femoral and popliteal arteries, involved in…

…thorough questioning of eyewitnesses, and a complete physical and neurologic examination. Blood pressure and heart rate should be measured in the supine position and after…

…to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11 Berdowski et al Bystander CPR BLS 15 Hasselqvist et al Early defibrillation BLS…

…easily provoked after a meal? Symptoms provoked by (or after a period of) stress? Symptoms related to body position or respiration? Ischemic chest pain is…

…to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest Yes 11 Berdowski et al Bystander CPR Yes 15 Hasselqvist et al Early defibrillation Yes…

…g cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cardiac computerized tomography (CT), ergospirometry (exercise stress testing), and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and…

…heart in supine position) leads to an immediate increase in ejection fraction. Similarly, a decrease in afterload (e.g by means of decreased resistance in…

…in particular computed tomography (DT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anatomy of the pericardium The pericardium consists of a parietal layer and a visceral…

…is unaffected by position. Nevertheless, the retrosternal chest pain in acute pericarditis is very similar to that in STEMI. The combination of retrosternal chest pain…

…of the sternum. It provides imaging planes of the long axis of the heart. Figure 2 illustrates the position of the transducer, the orientation of…

…diastole. Deformation imaging has been implemented in clinical practice and is now widely recommended. This chapter discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of deformation (strain…

…state of knowledge on Takotsubo syndrome: a Position Statement from the Taskforce on Takotsubo Syndrome of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of…

…the left in the thorax. This positions the basal portion of the left lateral wall posteriorly in thorax (Figure 1). This area is most frequently…

…the left in the thorax. This positions the basal portion of the left lateral wall posteriorly in thorax (Figure 1). This area is most frequently…

…to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead ECG require…