CPR Sex : Male Age : 62 years History : Coronary bypass grafting; history of arrhythmias. Medications : beta blockers ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT…

…Thus, it should not be used during bradycardia and tachycardia. Fridericia’s and Framingham formulas are often preferred in scenarios where a broader range of…

…Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Male Age : 43 years History : None Medications : None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular tachycardia…

…and dangerous in a few. The male urethra is about 25 cm long with two curves and a prostate that can grip; the female urethra…

…No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is considered for male patients with a score of 1 or more…

…life in several family members. Imaging studies did not reveal structural cardiac abnormalities, nor coronary artery disease. Another male patient, with similar ST segment changes…

…a real giant. During his lecture professor Yusuf said that he was not too impressed with current guidelines. He said that guidelines tend to be…

…scarce). Indeed, the strongest risk factor for developing atrial fibrillation is age. Other significant risk factors are as follows: male sex, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy…

…pulseless electrical activity (PEA). These are highly lethal arrhythmias that lead to death if cardiopulmonary resuscitation is not started immediately. Ventricular fibrillation is the result…

…12 months 1–3 years 3–5 years 5–8 years 8–12 years 12–16 years Heart rate (beats per minute) Male 160 (129…

…are associated with atherosclerotic pathology. AAA prevalence increases with age and is approximately five times higher in males than females, although the sex difference becomes…

…in whom aspirin has a substantially more favourable benefit–risk profile. Aspirin is not a general purpose cardiovascular preventive treatment. In people without established ASCVD…

…useful for estimating risk. Pathophysiology and genetic principles Penetrance and variable expression A pathogenic variant does not invariably result in clinical disease. Penetrance is incomplete…

…LVEF ≥50%. The ejection fraction classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across…

…statin therapy at the highest tolerated dose. Addition of ezetimibe if the LDL C target is not achieved. Addition of a PCSK9 inhibitor when the…

…supporting and motivating the patient during the entire procedure. If the achieved workload is not sufficient, the reliability and thus usefulness of the test will…

…alcohol intake, body weight, male sex and salt intake. Population blood pressure increases in parallel with economic development and industrialization. The increasing prevalence of obesity…

…during physical exertion). Therefore, to judge whether the QT interval is normal or not, one must adjust for the current heart rate. This is done…

Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog ECG The best ECG book is not the one making it simple In the thrilling and ever evolving field…

Referensvärden A diagnosis of hypertension is not made on a single reading. It requires repeated measurements on at least two occasions, and preferably confirmation by…

…easy to trust too much. Two errors make the reading useless without anyone noticing: the transducer is at the wrong height , and the system is…

…usually ruins the examination is not the technique but the handling of the specimen — an aspirate that clots before the smears are made is unusable…

…in the technique is designed to make sure that never happens, and to make sure the catheter does not become the patient's next focus…

…reference values and normalise gradually through childhood. The interpretation is made in the same systematic way as in adults, but against the age specific reference…

…report. A shave biopsy of a pigmented lesion that turns out to be a melanoma can make the Breslow thickness unmeasurable and staging therefore impossible…

…at all at one year . The injection is therefore a tool to make rehabilitation possible, not an alternative to it. See the separate guide to…

…What determines whether the treatment is safe is not the starting dose but the system around the patient : that the weekly dose is adjusted in…

…positive and smooth wave. It is small because the atria make a relatively small muscle mass. If the rhythm is sinus rhythm (i.e under…

…vasovagal syncope is reported to occur in over 40% of females and 30% of males due to a lack of effective reflex response to posture…

…comes after the injury, not before — and that an edge or a fold presses on a bony prominence until the skin breaks down. An acute…

…Undrained pneumothorax. Facial trauma, facial burns or recent facial surgery that make a seal impossible. Recent surgery on the oesophagus or upper gastrointestinal tract, ileus…

…in whom a decision has been made to withdraw life sustaining treatment, in whom total brain infarction is not expected to occur within a reasonable…

…small, smooth or transparent object lying posteriorly or superiorly. Attempts already made and failed elsewhere. A child who cannot be kept still without sedation. Suspected…

…between drugs is made without reduction for incomplete cross tolerance. Indications Acute severe nociceptive pain where paracetamol and a COX inhibitor are not enough: fracture…

Procedurer Pericardiocentesis is performed on the basis of the haemodynamics, not the volume of fluid. A litre that has accumulated slowly can be asymptomatic, while…

…Sepsis is a dynamic condition. Investigation and treatment must therefore proceed in parallel and must not wait for complete diagnostic certainty. Sepsis is defined as…

…complex. Brugada's algorithm If there is no RS complex in any chest lead (V1–V6) a diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia can be made. Otherwise…

…Aveed TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE Heart Damage wp most major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) severe ARISTADA ARIPIPRAZOLE LAUROXIL aripiprazole lauroxil Mixed wp less hypotension/ tachycardia…

…incorporating both anatomical and clinical variables. This updated version improves predictive accuracy for 10 year mortality and 5 year MACE, offering a more personalized approach…

…profile. Predicting Outcomes : It predicts 10 year mortality and 5 year major adverse cardiac events (MACE) with greater accuracy than the original SYNTAX Score. Heart…

…threshold and duration required are not established. The source material identifies chronic intake of approximately 60 g daily in males and 40 g daily in…

…The biological differences between females and males arise partly from the chromosomal distinction between XX and XY individuals and are reflected in cardiovascular structure and…

…driven atherothrombosis, while interruption of antiplatelet therapy after recent stenting is associated with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. Premature…

…In untreated HeFH, CAD commonly develops during the third or fourth decade in males and approximately 10 years later in females. Untreated HoFH is associated…

…make the diagnosis more likely. HFpEF and HFmrEF together account for approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF. The distinction is clinically useful but not…

…agents to become essential tools for cardiovascular risk reduction, offering profound benefits in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF…

…B. Every effort should be made to initiate and up titrate beta blocker therapy to guideline recommended or maximally tolerated doses before ivabradine is considered…

…usually absent [7]. Stricter Criteria : These require a QRS duration exceeding 140 msec in males and 130 msec in females , along with slurring or notching…

…intensively on people with elevated risk. These approaches are not alternatives: both are required to reduce the overall cardiovascular burden. Pathophysiological and Epidemiological Basis The…

…The history taking must be systematic and accurate because the history itself is often sufficient to make a diagnosis or identify a few likely diagnoses…

…a tension pneumothorax, leading to circulatory collapse. Diagnosis of a tension pneumothorax can be made via auscultation, where asymmetric lung sounds are noted, specifically with…

…in lower resolution and difficulties discerning tissue borders. These are the main adjustments made to improve image quality. Adjusting image depth and zoom Examinations in…

…Additionally, a number of transducer movements can be made in order to focus on the region of interest and optimize the image. These maneuvers are…

…aorta can be regarded as a cylinder, and the same assumption can be made for the other valves. The area is calculated by measuring the…

…is used to assess the stenosis. Doppler recordings are made during inspiration (velocities across the valve are greater during inspiration). The following findings are indicative…

Procedurer An abscess is emptied, not treated away. Incision and drainage is the treatment; antibiotics are normally neither necessary nor sufficient in an uncomplicated cutaneous…

…Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification. Benzodiazepines reduce the severity of withdrawal and the risk of seizures and…

…untreated underlying cause make recurrence all but certain and argue against elective cardioversion. Anticoagulation before cardioversion After cardioversion the atrium does not regain its mechanical…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…Contact your national or regional poison control centre before you decide, not afterwards. Indications Medicinal charcoal is given after the ingestion of a potentially toxic…