…Diagnosis of a tension pneumothorax can be made via auscultation, where asymmetric lung sounds are noted, specifically with an absence of sounds on the affected…

…preferably with a local anaesthetic, and a decongestant nasal spray if the nasal passage is narrow. A 50–60 mL catheter syringe, a collection bag…

…occur in over 40% of females and 30% of males due to a lack of effective reflex response to posture, venous pooling, or external stimuli…

…closed circumferential cast , and the patient must leave with clear information about the symptoms that should make them seek help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or…

CPR Sex : Male Age : 62 years History : Coronary bypass grafting; history of arrhythmias. Medications : beta blockers ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT…

…the QT interval is often corrected for heart rate, resulting in the corrected QT (QTc) interval. Several formulas exist to calculate QTc, each with its…

CPR Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Male Age : 43 years History : None Medications : None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular…

…tapering tip A larger catheter is not easier to pass. With a difficult passage it is the shape of the tip and the technique that…

…No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is considered for male patients with a score of 1 or more…

…did not reveal structural cardiac abnormalities, nor coronary artery disease. Another male patient, with similar ST segment changes, experienced syncopal episodes, ventricular tachycardia (including torsades…

…is associated with 5 times as great a risk of ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death), but instead they display an ECG with male/female…

…male sex, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular dysfunction, valve disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type…

…complex or T wave can be seen. This is pathognomonic (unique) to ventricular fibrillation and must not be confused with any other arrhythmia. Figure 1…

…101) 89 (71, 107) 94 (75, 114) 98 (78, 122) PR interval (ms) Male 99 (77, 120) 98 (85, 120) 106 (87, 134) 114 (82…

…contrast agents, and accurately identifies abdominal aortic enlargement. Screening reduces aneurysm related mortality in populations with a high prevalence of AAA, particularly older male smoke

…Factors associated with increased gastrointestinal bleeding include: Older age, with risk increasing particularly after 70 years Male sex Previous upper gastrointestinal disease Hepatic or renal…

… male sex, subtle electrocardiographic abnormalities and particular genes may predict earlier disease expression. In many cardiomyopathies, women manifest disease later than men, with the timing…

…closely than HFpEF. Patients are more commonly male and younger than those with HFpEF and have a greater likelihood of coronary artery disease, which is…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density…

…weight × min. Metabolic equivalents are used because the concept offers an easy way of expressing the energy cost of any exercise. The energy cost is…

…positively correlated with societal economic development, age, alcohol intake, body weight, male sex and salt intake. Population blood pressure increases in parallel with economic development…

…Calculate the mean QT interval for each lead and use the longest QT interval obtained. Large U waves that are fused with the T wave…

…books will realize their shortcomings at their first encounter with an ECG in reality. Books that claim to make it "simple" can provide a quick…

Referensvärden A diagnosis of hypertension is not made on a single reading. It requires repeated measurements on at least two occasions, and preferably confirmation by…

…Preparation and equipment Arterial catheter, usually 20 G in an adult; a smaller size in children. A set with an integrated guidewire (Seldinger technique) helps…

…not the skin. Aspiration needle (iliac crest or sternal needle with stylet) and a Jamshidi type biopsy needle. Syringes: a small 5–10 mL syringe…

…and equipment A central line set with a triple lumen catheter, usually 7 Fr. Catheter length: the right internal jugular vein requires the shortest catheter…

…The U wave The QT interval (QTc) Neonatal reference values Davignon et al. The ranges are 98 % confidence intervals, with the mean given in parentheses…

…report. A shave biopsy of a pigmented lesion that turns out to be a melanoma can make the Breslow thickness unmeasurable and staging therefore impossible…

…fact worse than no treatment at all at one year . The injection is therefore a tool to make rehabilitation possible, not an alternative to it…

…a potential interaction, and that there is a ready made plan for what happens when the INR runs away or the patient bleeds. In Sweden…

…of the P wave, PR interval and PR segment The P wave ECG interpretation usually starts with assessment of the P wave. The P wave…

Procedurer CPAP and NIV are two different treatments with different physiology, and the commonest source of error is confusing them. CPAP delivers a constant pressure…

…on a donor card, or through statements made to the next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission (an individual assessment; certain tumour…

…insect in the ear canal. A 30–60 mL syringe with a soft catheter and body temperature water for irrigation. Small children need help to…

…list. Always dilute morphine 10 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL (1 mL made up to 10 mL with sodium chloride) before intravenous titration. Half…

…syringes, a three way tap. A Seldinger set with a guidewire, a dilator and a 5–8 F pigtail catheter , plus a drainage bag. Sample…

…shock, or when sepsis is judged certain or highly likely. With possible sepsis without shock, a rapid targeted assessment is made. If the suspicion persists…

…If any RS interval is 100 ms and the R wave is wider than the S wave, a diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia can be made…

…Aveed TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE Heart Damage wp most major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) severe ARISTADA ARIPIPRAZOLE LAUROXIL aripiprazole lauroxil Mixed wp less hypotension/ tachycardia…

…in the SYNTAX trial, patients with high scores had significantly higher mortality and MACE rates compared to those with low scores. Monitor Quality of Care…

…profile. Predicting Outcomes : It predicts 10 year mortality and 5 year major adverse cardiac events (MACE) with greater accuracy than the original SYNTAX Score. Heart…

…effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias…

…after the menopausal transition. Women with type 2 diabetes also have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications and death than men. Despite the effectiveness of…

…driven atherothrombosis, while interruption of antiplatelet therapy after recent stenting is associated with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. Premature…

…during the third or fourth decade in males and approximately 10 years later in females. Untreated HoFH is associated with extensive premature and progressive ASCVD…

…evidence of impaired filling, make the diagnosis more likely. HFpEF and HFmrEF together account for approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF. The distinction is…

…tools for cardiovascular risk reduction, offering profound benefits in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), chronic kidney disease (CKD…

…B. Every effort should be made to initiate and up titrate beta blocker therapy to guideline recommended or maximally tolerated doses before ivabradine is considered…

…These require a QRS duration exceeding 140 msec in males and 130 msec in females , along with slurring or notching of the mid QRS in…

…and from secondary prevention, which addresses patients with established disease to reduce recurrent events and mortality. Risk factor modification is therefore directed at identifying individuals…

…sufficient to make a diagnosis or identify a few likely diagnoses. The table below shows a systematic history taking in patients presenting with chest pain…

…These are the main adjustments made to improve image quality. Adjusting image depth and zoom Examinations in each echocardiographic view are initialized by identifying an…

…is pointed differently in each echocardiographic view. A corresponding marker is shown in the ultrasound image. The index marker facilitates orientation. Any structure located to…

…or five chamber view (5C) using pulsed wave doppler with sample volume located in the valve orifice. The ultrasound machine calculates VTI (Velocity Time Integral)…

…with reduced motion and potentially fused commisures. Continuous Doppler is used to assess the stenosis. Doppler recordings are made during inspiration (velocities across the valve…

…Pilonidal abscess, hidradenitis abscess and paronychia with a collection of pus. Persistent painful induration after a few days of antibiotics — suggests that an abscess has…

…can develop despite a measurable or high blood alcohol concentration, particularly in patients with marked tolerance. The most important measures in severe or complicated withdrawal…

…when the shock is delivered, and that the thromboembolic risk has been dealt with before the atria begin to contract again. An unsynchronised shock that…

…treatment effect, the medication is continued — abrupt withdrawal carries a risk of rebound. The referring physician should have made this decision; document which applies. Nitroglycerin…