…abscess, hidradenitis abscess and paronychia with a collection of pus. Persistent painful induration after a few days of antibiotics — suggests that an abscess has formed…

…ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury…

…8. Document the ceiling of care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is…

…irrespective of the saturation (see below). Oxygen does not relieve breathlessness in a patient who is not hypoxaemic. Breathlessness without hypoxaemia is not an indication…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…of hours should be intubated, not given another hour. Indications CPAP: Acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema with hypoxaemia and marked work of breathing — the strongest indication…

…6. Stop immediately in the event of coughing, stridor, cyanosis or marked breathlessness — withdraw the tube to the pharynx and start again . If the tube…

…Intubation is reasonable in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged…

…incidentally identified on a chest CT performed for another indication can also contribute to risk assessment. Visual reporting of coronary calcification using four categories—none…

…severe breathlessness, hypoxaemia, rales, or respiratory distress. In patients with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema…

…However, refrain from rescue breaths to mitigate the risk of potential contaminants endangering the rescuer. Contact expertise Contact your national or regional poison control centre…

…professionals (e.g endotracheal intubation, mechanical chest compressions, targeted temperature management, etc.) and are much less effective in terms of the number needed to treat…

…repolarization and provoke ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. The likelihood of clinically significant EMI is generally low, particularly with bipolar electrocautery performed away from the…

ECG Principles of myocardial excitability Myocardium is excitable not only by action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that…

…rapidly. After 5 minutes of VF, approximately 50% of the ATP remained. Figure 1 . Myocardial ATP concentration after induction of ventricular fibrillation (cardiac arrest). As…

… } Interpretation of CHADS VASc score and decisions on anticoagulation Men Women Points Recommendation Evidence Recommendation Evidence 0 No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral…

…biomarker evidence of myocardial necrosis, or severe ischaemia on stress testing. Such developments may convert an initially selective or delayed approach into an indication for…

ECG Indications for pacemaker implantation Bradyarrhythmia is the main indication for the implantation of a pacemaker. When considering a permanent pacemaker for bradyarrhythmia, it is…

…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

…anaesthesia and intubation can precipitate circulatory collapse in a tamponaded patient , since positive airway pressure further reduces the venous return. Procedure Choice of access The…

…because the team keeps trying to intubate instead of changing the plan. The aim is always oxygenation, never intubation in itself — and every difficult airway…

…overdose. Tumour lysis syndrome appears as an indication in older protocols but is no longer routinely recommended — alkaline urine increases the precipitation of calcium phosphate…

…of intubation and ventilation devices equipped with sensors. A normal capnogram is depicted in Figure 1 . Phase I (Inspiratory Baseline) : Reflects inhaled air devoid of…

…severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline…

…what was expected. The poison control centre is the authoritative local source for the current indication, dosing, sampling and duration of treatment. International guidelines must…

…cardiomyopathy is currently the most common indication for heart transplantation. Echocardiography can not distinguish different types of dilated cardiomyopathy. Other causes of ventricular dilation ( e…

…an indication for dialysis? AKI occurs in about one fifth of adults during a hospital episode in international studies and is linked to substantial mortality…

…fresh assessment of benefit and risk. An inability to attend for sampling and follow up — relative, but in practice decisive. INR target ranges Indication Target…

…risk of terminating the medication as compared with implanting a permanent pacemaker and continuing the treatment. Commonly, patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for…

…The need for non cardiac surgery. The presence of an indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two…

…about 7.20. Different targets apply when the intracranial pressure is raised: normocapnia (PaCO₂ 4.5–5.0 kPa) and avoidance of hypoxia, since hypercapnia…

…A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance…

Procedurer A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral…

…rate. In the setting of bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest, management priorities shift to establishing control of cardiorespiratory status. This includes continuing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, performing intubation…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic…

…rather than a primary driver of anticoagulation decisions [1] . In both paradigms, a score of ≥2 (excluding sex) is a Class I indication for OAC…

…indication is stronger in younger individuals. Individual patient circumstances and clinical judgment are paramount in determining the appropriateness and feasibility of ECMO initiation. Efficacy of…

…to assessment of symptoms after coronary artery bypass surgery. Traditionally, the most common indication for exercise stress testing has been the diagnostic evaluation of coronary…

…oxygen and complete equipment for intubation and ventilation must be to hand before the lavage begins. The head of the trolley must be able to…

…Drug Standard dose Reduced dose and criterion : : : Apixaban 5 mg twice daily 2.5 mg twice daily if at least two of: age ≥80 years…

…1. Check the indication and contraindications, attach ECG monitoring and insert a venous cannula. 2. Document the baseline status of the chosen finding — measurement, photograph…

…arthritis must be distinguished from crystal arthritis — the most important indication and an emergency procedure . An unclear arthritis, as part of the diagnostic work up…

…and are related to atherosclerotic disease. At least 90% of AAAs larger than 4 cm are associated with atherosclerotic pathology. AAA prevalence increases with age…

…composite of cardiovascular death, non fatal myocardial infarction and non fatal stroke. The clinical development of canakinumab for this indication did not continue because of…

…is performed, is 12 months of DAPT unless there is a contraindication, an indication for oral anticoagulation, or an excessive risk of bleeding. The duration…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

…The AF pattern, while recognising that pattern does not determine the anticoagulation indication. Previous stroke or TIA. The presence of mitral stenosis, a mechanical heart…

…Reduction of Sympathetic Drive Modulating autonomic tone is a pivotal therapeutic target [4]: Beta Blockers : Administered to reduce adrenergic stimulation [4]. Sedation and Intubation : Along…

…treat (NNT) for the ACLS specific interventions is much higher or uncertain, meaning that the efficacy of these interventions is much lower or uncertain. Indeed…

…node dysfunction is an umbrella term for conditions that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or block the impulse from reaching the atria…

…acoustic insulation that ensures that no other sound waves affect the transducer. The crystals are supported by a backing layer that suppresses the vibrations of…

…where the figure corresponds to the circumference in millimetres — a Ch 16 therefore has a diameter of about 5 mm. Indication Size Comment : : : Clear urine…

…be initiated concurrently. In patients with a confirmed indication for treatment but blood pressure in the range of 120–139/70–89 mmHg, concomitant indications…

…diagnostic angiography. Collateral vessels may maintain distal perfusion and permit visualization of the vessel beyond the occlusion when the patent donor artery is injected. The…