…some positive airway pressure and washes out dead space. It requires special equipment and monitoring The nasal cannula, the simple mask and the reservoir mask…

…apart. A wound through the full thickness of the dermis, particularly over joints and in cosmetically sensitive areas. Superficial wounds with well apposed edges, abrasions…

…done wrongly. The two commonest errors are that an intramuscular injection in fact ends up subcutaneously in a patient with a high BMI, and that…

…ischemia, including with non obstructive epicardial arteries (ANOCA/INOCA); CFR has independent prognostic value. CFR confounded by heart rate/blood pressure/contractility (less reproducible, less…

…this fact (beyond the recommendation to defibrillate immediately if cardiac arrest is witnessed and the rhythm is shockable). This is explained by the fact that…

…with an abundance of illustrations that appeared pedagogical, despite the fact that it had not been updated for decades. As I got more involved with…

…arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being the most common. The figure 80% occurs in most textbooks in…

…complex). This yields more time to fill the ventricles with blood (increased ventricular filling). The person with premature beats might perceive this as palpitations, because…

…and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with expansion of both the intravascular and extravascular compartments. Heart failure is defined physiologically by the inability…

…NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical…

…substantial fall in glomerular filtration. The value is affected by muscle mass, nutrition, drugs and fluid balance. Fluid administration can dilute the creatinine and mask…

…The two pathways DBD DCD : : : Full name Donation after death by neurological criteria (total brain infarction) Donation after circulatory death Starting point A ventilated patient…

…blood pressure response, heart rate response, arrhythmias and recovery. A patient who stops at a low workload with a fall in blood pressure is a…

…rarely used in large volume ascites. Diagnostic paracentesis 1. Scan the left lower quadrant. Confirm at least 2–3 cm of free fluid depth with…

…Give oxygen if hypoxaemic. Use a bag and mask if ventilation is inadequate. Monitor the saturation, respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate and a continuous…

Cardiology Definition and classification Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is a clinical syndrome defined by the combination of symptoms and/or signs…

…the use of Class IA, IC, or III antiarrhythmic agents may be considered. Catheter ablation should be considered in patients with a high risk of…

…condition Finding Significance : : Inability to speak in full sentences Marked work of breathing Use of accessory respiratory muscles or paradoxical abdominal breathing Impending muscle fatigue…

…delaying treatment. 10. Call anaesthetics and intensive care early with life threatening features or an inadequate response. First line treatment is oxygen in hypoxaemia, repeated…

…acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an unclear time of onset, a late time window…

…in any of the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes…

…advance the needle with the stylet in place perpendicular to the bone surface, angled slightly anteriorly and medially. Rotate under steady pressure until the resistance…

…and a large full body drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, normal saline to flush all lumens, suture material or a securement device…

…only half the task. The examination must be preceded by information about each step, take place with the patient's ongoing consent, and be able…

…is no entirely uniform international grading. The following division is clinically useful and is consistent with commonly used guidelines [1,3]. Level Plasma potassium Management …

…are no contraindications — a laryngeal mask is inserted even with a full stomach. Preparation and equipment A laryngeal mask of the correct size plus one…

…warming and use a blood warmer. 6. Take a blood gas with lactate, pH, base excess, haemoglobin and ionised calcium, together with a full blood…

…cultures from separate peripheral punctures. Also culture from a central line if one is present 4 Take a full blood count with a differential, CRP…

…a fasting history, two people, full monitoring and airway preparedness With procedural sedation, one person must manage the sedation and another the reduction . Check the…

…drug or nothing Preparation and equipment INR, full blood count, creatinine with eGFR and liver function tests before starting. A complete medication list including over…

…pressure (including postural changes), renal function, and potassium should be evaluated within 1 to 2 weeks after initiation of ACE inhibitors, especially in patients with…

…concern is interaction between the CIED and equipment used during surgery, particularly electrosurgery. EMI may produce inappropriate sensing, activation of rate responsive functions, device resetting…

…should be viewed as approximations due to the following: Registry data indicate that survival is possible with longer periods of no flow ( Rawshani et al…

…referred to PCI with a suspicion of STE ACS/STEMI, actually have takotsubo. Previous studies reported that 98 out of 100 cases had full recovery…

…least one will fall outside. The ranges below are guide values for adults. The method and the laboratory determine the range — always use the range…

…thromboembolic risk has been dealt with before the atria begin to contract again. An unsynchronised shock that happens to fall in the T wave can…

…myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cardiac troponin with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit; and…

…but raised outside it — associated with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of < 10% of the daytime…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency overview Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour…

…sedation and positive pressure ventilation before decompression where possible: anaesthesia and intubation can precipitate circulatory collapse in a tamponaded patient , since positive airway pressure further…

…pharmacotherapy, and, in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing…

…GY. A novel user friendly score (HAS BLED) to assess 1 year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey…

…ventricle are compressed, with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling becomes increasingly dependent on the fall in intrathoracic pressure during inspiration. The inspiratory…

…coronary disease, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia did not fully explain the excess coronary risk. Rheumatoid arthritis RA is associated with increased carotid intima–media thickness, early…

…the past century. Initial post mortem observations in the late 19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery with myocardial necrosis. Although early…

…weeks, improvement with anti inflammatory treatment, and the tendency to recur all support an immunopathological mechanism. The precise cause, however, is not fully established. At…

…be instructed in its appropriate use, although specific dosing instructions are not provided in the source material. Delayed help seeking is associated with older age…

…Acute myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence…

…potential occurs. If any component of the ventricular conduction system has not fully repolarized by the time the next impulse reaches the ventricles, the impulse…

…pads should be positioned as standard, and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed…

…mechanism. Sequential activation implies that the atria are activated first and they fill the ventricles with adequate volumes of blood before ventricular contraction commences. To…

…the absolute majority. The CCU may be suitable for stable (hemodynamically and respiratory) and fully conscious patients who experienced a brief cardiac arrest. Post resuscitation…

…with these principles in order to fully understand echocardiography. In clinical practice, the investigator performs simple measurements and Doppler recordings, which the ultrasound machine uses…

…beat). This yields more time to fill the ventricles with blood (increased ventricular filling). Persons with premature beats might perceive this as palpitations, because of…

…pressure. Measure the circumference, do not guess. Measure the blood pressure in both arms when fitting the device. Use the arm with the higher pressure…

…ABI. With a normal or borderline resting ABI but typical claudication, the ankle pressure is measured immediately after treadmill walking or after repeated heel raises…

…twice daily 160 mg twice daily 100 mg twice daily Do not use Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg twice daily 160/800 mg twice daily…

…often be used for an initial assessment of pH and the metabolic component, but it should not be regarded as fully interchangeable with an arterial…

…Scale below 8 Vomiting together with clear neurological impairment Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest Clinical signs of raised intracranial pressure or impending herniation Moderately severe…

…after a rapid fall in blood pressure. Drug Indications Dosing α1 β1 β2 D1/D2 Effect Adverse effects : : : : : : : : : : : : : Dopamine — low dose Rarely used 0.5…