…does not fall into the other categories. Trauma Cardiac arrest caused by violence, accidents, burns, or other trauma. Drowning Cardiac arrest due to drowning Electrocution…

…understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology and electrocardiology. Unfortunately, numerous books and online resources fall into the trap of oversimplification. Physicians, nurses, paramedics and physician assistants who…

…upper reference limit (URL). It is considered acute when there is a rise and/or fall in cTn values. An elevated cTn alone does not…

…artery dissection (SCAD) Standard angiography may fail to demonstrate plaque disruption, intraluminal thrombus, or dissection. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) can reveal…

…peripheral blood and dilutes the specimen. Marrow clots within seconds; the smears must be made before that. 7. Then aspirate further volume into the tubes…

…is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis. Treatment is guided by the saturation and the blood gas…

…reduction in cell metabolism and thus prolongs survival. Myocardial stunning starts to normalize within minutes after the hypoxia is relieved. However, full recovery of contractility…

…The principal acute complications fall into two broad categories: Electrical complications , particularly ventricular arrhythmias. Mechanical or pump failure complications , including heart failure and cardiogenic shock…

…the effect on the bowel must be taken into account). Known allergy to the preparation — rare; itching and urticaria are usually due to histamine release…

…The Fourth Universal Definition classifies MI into five distinct subtypes based on pathophysiology and clinical context: Type 1 MI: Caused by atherothrombotic coronary artery disease…

…etiology of VT is broadly dichotomized into structural heart disease (SHD) and structurally normal hearts, a division that profoundly influences prognosis and therapeutic decision making…

…of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix…

…example severe ARDS, marked obesity or a stiff chest wall. Glottic or subglottic obstruction — the mask sits above the obstruction and solves nothing. A mouth…

…discussed, the left ventricular wall can be subdivided into three layers: the inner lining ( endocardium ), a thick muscle layer ( myocardium ) and an outer lining ( epicardium )…

…work best exploit time, gravity and slow movement; those that fail usually do so because the patient tenses up with pain, or because the operator…

…or arrhythmia. 4. Shift potassium into the cells with insulin and glucose. Add high dose salbutamol in marked hyperkalaemia if there is no contraindication. 5…

…A paretic limb — poorer absorption. Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of…

…tap water or sodium chloride 9 mg/mL. The volume matters more than the fluid; irrigate under pressure through a 20 mL syringe and a…

…mechanism. Sequential activation implies that the atria are activated first and they fill the ventricles with adequate volumes of blood before ventricular contraction commences. To…

…Injection of contrast media into the ventricle will instead reveal that the apical portion of the left ventricle is dilated (hence the term apical ballooning…

…in twenty falls outside them . Order twelve tests in a healthy person and the probability is around 46 % that at least one will fall outside…

…An unsynchronised shock that happens to fall in the T wave can precipitate ventricular fibrillation, and cardioversion of fibrillation of unknown duration without anticoagulation can…

…stenosis Known — perform the test only on a clear indication and with full preparedness Moderate to severe aortic stenosis without symptoms Individual assessment Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy…

…specific 99th percentile upper reference limit. It is classified as acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic…

…least two occasions, and preferably confirmation by home measurement or 24 hour recording — the thresholds for which are lower than for office measurement. Classification of…

…physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient…

…a full blood count with a differential, CRP, creatinine, electrolytes, liver function tests, glucose and lactate. Add a blood gas, coagulation tests and other investigations…

…absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment : Aortic dissection with haemopericardium — drainage can increase the bleeding and worsen…

…with ATRIA and HAS BLED Scores Several studies have compared the predictive performance of HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk assessment tools, notably ATRIA and HAS…

…pericarditis Trauma Cardiac surgery and other iatrogenic cardiovascular procedures Acute aortic disease, particularly ascending or type A aortic dissection Myocardial free wall rupture after infarction…

…both hypovolaemia and venous congestion. 4. Take an urgent panel: creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate or blood gas, calcium, phosphate, glucose and a full blood…

…renal disease and secondary hypertension, and lead to one dose being moved to the evening. The fall can only be calculated if the diary states…

…at which the signal disappears, deflate slowly (2 mmHg/s) and note the pressure at which the signal returns. Repeat on the other arm. 2…

…amount of water is too great in relation to the amount of dissolved cations [3]. The first five minutes 1. Assess airway, breathing and circulation…

…autonomic reflexes that influence the haemodynamic result. Reflex tachycardia is the rule after a rapid fall in blood pressure. Drug Indications Dosing α1 β1 β2…

…is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial…

…the arms. Orthostatic hypotension: a fall of ≥20 mmHg in SBP and/or ≥10 mmHg in DBP at 1 or 3 minutes after standing, following…

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

…lighter fluid Others Cyanide, boric acid, fluoride Preparation and equipment Medicinal charcoal as a ready made suspension or as a powder for suspension in water…

…myocardial wall stress and subendocardial ischemia. Neurohormonal activation and vascular and renal abnormalities contribute to sodium and water retention. The interaction between cardiac and renal…

…is unstable or at marked risk of arrhythmia. 4. Take a full blood count, electrolytes, creatinine, glucose, high sensitivity troponin and, where needed, coagulation tests…

…with haemodynamic compromise, whatever the current haemoglobin — haemoglobin falls late in acute haemorrhage and a normal value does not exclude significant blood loss. Massive haemorrhage…

…Swedish law and practice; the legal framework, the consent model and the time limits differ between countries. The two pathways DBD DCD : : : Full name Donation…

…The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay, institutional care, readmission, cognitive decline and increased mortality [3…

… full sterile attire for therapeutic drainage with an indwelling catheter. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL, 5–10 mL, 25 G for the skin wheal and 21…

…At 5 minutes A full, adequate dose of a benzodiazepine About 10 minutes Repeat the benzodiazepine once if the seizure persists, and prepare step 2…

…heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The…

…of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement is subject to meaningful variability. HFmrEF may therefore represent…

…results from impaired right ventricular contraction and reduced forward flow through the pulmonary circulation. Consequently, left ventricular filling falls and cardiac output may become markedly…

…other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately…

…oxygen saturation falls to approximately 60%, leading to unconsciousness. The myocardium responds to hypoxia by downregulating metabolism and thus contractility (a consistent finding in acute…

…a dose of 30 ml/kg. Should fluid resuscitation fail to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) above 65 mmHg, consider the initiation of vasopressor…

…Management of all other cases aligns with the approach used for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Beta blockers, digoxin, and calcium channel blockers may be…

…resting full cycle ratio [RFR], and related resting indices) simplified the procedure by removing the need for pharmacologic hyperemia, and angiography derived indices (quantitative flow…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Premature atrial contraction (premature atrial beat / complex) A premature atrial contraction is produced by an impulse discharged from an ectopic focus…

…and induces a delay to the next sinus beat (the RR interval is increased after a premature ventricular complex). This yields more time to fill…

…infarction. Sinus Node Dysfunction (SND) – Sinus node dysfunction implies that the cells of the sinoatrial node are defective and fail to generate electrical impulses. Side…

…Nonetheless, prompt interventions can reverse cardiac arrest and survivors of traumatic cardiac arrest often exhibit favorable neurological outcomes ( Rawshani et al ). Traumatic cardiac arrests typically…

…6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV…

…attack : : : : Speech Full sentences Cannot complete a sentence in one breath Single words or unable to speak Position and behaviour Can lie down or sit…