…complications fall into two broad categories: Electrical complications , particularly ventricular arrhythmias. Mechanical or pump failure complications , including heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Most out of…

…AI). ECG interpretation requires a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology and electrocardiology. Unfortunately, numerous books and online resources fall into the trap of oversimplification. Physicians…

…embolism, bleeding, stroke, etc.) as well as cases where the cause does not fall into the other categories. Trauma Cardiac arrest caused by violence, accidents…

…is given. The serious incidents almost always arise when the principle of titration is abandoned — when a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a…

…haemorrhage into the plaque through the disrupted surface. Type 2 MI: Attributed to an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, without the presence of…

…by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia …

…Syndrome) [1] . Underlying Etiologies The etiology of VT is broadly dichotomized into structural heart disease (SHD) and structurally normal hearts, a division that profoundly influences…

…life threatening complication of coronary atherosclerosis. The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting…

…the stomach to be decompressed and tolerate higher pressures. Lubricant on the dorsal surface of the mask, a syringe for the cuff in the models…

…effectiveness of longitudinal, radial, and circumferential contraction. Thus, methods such as ejection fraction may provide easily obtained parameters, but fail to provide important insights into…

…gravity and slow movement; those that fail usually do so because the patient tenses up with pain, or because the operator pulls harder rather than…

…3. Give intravenous calcium in the presence of hyperkalaemic ECG changes or arrhythmia. 4. Shift potassium into the cells with insulin and glucose. Add high…

…poorer absorption. Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…that bleeds because the edges are held apart. A wound through the full thickness of the dermis, particularly over joints and in cosmetically sensitive areas…

…one third of patients with MINOCA may present with STEMI. Pathophysiology and causes MINOCA encompasses several distinct mechanisms. These may be broadly divided into coronary…

…mechanism. Sequential activation implies that the atria are activated first and they fill the ventricles with adequate volumes of blood before ventricular contraction commences. To…

…Injection of contrast media into the ventricle will instead reveal that the apical portion of the left ventricle is dilated (hence the term apical ballooning…

…What usually ruins the examination is not the technique but the handling of the specimen — an aspirate that clots before the smears are made is…

…that myocardium resists 20 minutes of severe hypoxia before cell death begins. It appears that neurons are unable to transition into a similar state with…

…Reference ranges are statistical: by definition they encompass 95 % of a healthy reference population, which means that one healthy value in twenty falls outside them …

…An unsynchronised shock that happens to fall in the T wave can precipitate ventricular fibrillation, and cardioversion of fibrillation of unknown duration without anticoagulation can…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…rise and/or fall in cardiac troponin with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit; and Clinical evidence of acute myocardial…

…with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of < 10% of the daytime value; an independent risk marker…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency overview Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour…

…two sets of blood cultures from separate peripheral punctures. Also culture from a central line if one is present 4 Take a full blood count…

…Almost always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low voltage on the…

…variants) (1 point) E xcessive fall risk (1 point) S troke (1 point) HEMORR₂HAGES Score Risk category Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient years…

…an exaggerated inspiratory fall in systemic systolic blood pressure, termed pulsus paradoxus. Tamponade is therefore characterized haemodynamically by elevation and near equalization of diastolic pressures…

…of both hypovolaemia and venous congestion. 4. Take an urgent panel: creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate or blood gas, calcium, phosphate, glucose and a full…

…the patient fell asleep and got up. Holter ECG and longer rhythm monitoring Indications Palpitations, presyncope or syncope of suspected arrhythmic origin. Assessment of rate…

…fall of ≥ 20 % after exercise confirms peripheral arterial disease. Toe brachial index (TBI). The digital arteries rarely calcify, which makes toe pressure the method of…

…the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body water. In hypotonic hyponatraemia the amount of water is too great…

…line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Vasoconstriction Vasodilatation Positive inotropy Phenylephrine Vasopressin Midodrine Noradrenaline Adrenaline, high dose Dopamine…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises a spectrum of clinical presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia…

…Inter arm difference: a sequential systolic difference of 10 mmHg between the arms. Orthostatic hypotension: a fall of ≥20 mmHg in SBP and/or ≥10…

…blood pressure response or ventricular arrhythmias. A fall in systolic blood pressure, particularly when accompanied by evidence of ischaemia, may indicate exercise induced global left…

…in which the patient reaches hospital early. The benefit of both methods falls steeply with the time since ingestion, and both can harm the patient…

…hemodynamic consequences of congestion by producing a negative sodium and water balance. They can reduce jugular venous pressure, pulmonary congestion, peripheral edema and body weight…

…10 minutes. 3. Attach defibrillator pads if the patient is unstable or at marked risk of arrhythmia. 4. Take a full blood count, electrolytes, creatinine…

…haemoglobin falls late in acute haemorrhage and a normal value does not exclude significant blood loss. Massive haemorrhage meeting the criteria for activation of the…

…wishes are properly established. Two things determine the outcome — that the confirmation of death is carried out in a formally unimpeachable way, and that the…

…major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay, institutional care…

…sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a patient with known ascites. Clinical deterioration in a cirrhotic patient with ascites: fever…

…access, a targeted history At 5 minutes A full, adequate dose of a benzodiazepine About 10 minutes Repeat the benzodiazepine once if the seizure persists…

…When eGFR falls below approximately 60–75 mL/min/1.73 m², the probability of coronary artery disease (CAD) increases in an approximately linear manner…

…which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements or can do so only at the cost of elevated filling pressures…

…inferior left ventricular infarction. At least minor right ventricular necrosis is found in approximately one third of patients with inferior infarction. Extensive involvement is less…

…remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers, cardiovascular risk falls within five years of stopping but may remain…

…asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be entirely inhibited (as seen in acute airway obstructions…

…a dose of 30 ml/kg. Should fluid resuscitation fail to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) above 65 mmHg, consider the initiation of vasopressor…

…approximately 5 to 10 seconds may precede the full tachycardia. It is characterized by short, rapid bursts of atrial activity. In the majority of cases…

…Non hyperemic pressure ratios (instantaneous wave free ratio [iFR], resting full cycle ratio [RFR], and related resting indices) simplified the procedure by removing the need…

…more time to fill the ventricles with blood (increased ventricular filling). Persons with premature beats might perceive this as palpitations, because of the stronger ventricular…

…more time to fill the ventricles with blood (increased ventricular filling). The person with premature beats might perceive this as palpitations, because of the stronger…

…node dysfunction implies that the cells of the sinoatrial node are defective and fail to generate electrical impulses. Side effects of drugs (notably beta blockers…

…volume to such an extent that chest compressions fail to generate stroke volumes. Consequently, addressing reversible causes of cardiac arrest becomes more critical than performing…

…the ceiling of care. Signs of a serious condition Finding Significance : : Inability to speak in full sentences Marked work of breathing Use of accessory respiratory…

…oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory flow limitation causes air trapping and dynamic hyperinflation. The consequences are increased work of breathing, exhaustion and, in the most…