…which contrast media are injected selectively into the epicardial coronary arteries through a catheter advanced from a peripheral artery to the aortic root and coronary…

…Screening for AAA General principles Duplex ultrasound is the preferred screening modality because it is noninvasive, avoids ionizing radiation and contrast agents, and accurately identifies…

…function and echocardiographic assessment The importance of systolic function can be understood on an intuitive basis. Consider the fact that the left ventricle contracts and…

…In contrast to skeletal muscle, cardiac cells display a branch like morphology. As illustrated in Figure 2 all cardiac cells are connected, both electrically and…

…left ventricle contracts against much greater resistance (i.e. the pressure in the systemic circulation), and therefore it faces the highest workload; for the same…

…duration of cardiac arrest, quality of CPR, and a prognostic indicator for survival. In the nationwide Swedish Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Registry, 30 days survival in OHCA…

…that spread the action potential rapidly and sequentially to the contractile myocardium. When the contractile myocardium receives the action potential, it is activated and contracts…

…of an upper limit for ventricular compliance. The greater the left ventricular compliance, the less steep the slope of the EDPVR curve, and vice versa …

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…the atria begin to contract again. An unsynchronised shock that happens to fall in the T wave can precipitate ventricular fibrillation, and cardioversion of fibrillation…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type…

…reference level for measuring deviation (elevation or depression) of the ST segment is the PR segment (the terminal portion of the PR interval). (C) and …

…orientation of myocardial fibers varies, and this allows the left ventricle to contract in a highly sophisticated and effective way. Muscle fibers adjacent to the…

…muscle fibers results in longitudinal, radial and circumferential shortening (contraction). Traditional methods for investigating left ventricular function — e.g ejection fraction (EF), fractional sorting (FS…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…node and in contractile myocardial cells. Phase 4 of the action potential in the sinoatrial node is called "pacemaker potential", because it is responsible for…

…serves as a standardized framework for identifying and localizing areas of ischemia or infarction. This segmentation facilitates precise reporting and ensures consistent communication of findings…

…that blue turns red, and red turns blue. For color Doppler aliasing usually occurs when velocities exceed 0.5 m/s, which they generally do…

…segments for 2D echocardiography. One can identify these segments in multiple views. Note that the terms ischemic heart disease (IHD), coronary heart disease (CHD) , and…

…yourself with the principles of hemodynamics and conditions prevailing on the right side. Echocardiography is the first choice for assessing the right side of the…

…that cells in the apex contract as much as the cells in the basal parts. Since the apex is fixed and there are longitudinal muscle…

…2D for estimating right ventricular volumes. Cardiac MRI is, however, the gold standard for assessing right ventricular anatomy and function. Right ventricular dimensions and function…

…AKI after a contrast study frequently occurs in patients with several simultaneous renal insults. Infection, hypovolaemia, cardiac dysfunction, haemodynamic instability, anaemia and other nephrotoxic exposures…

…suggest a favorable prognosis. In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain death and constitute an adverse prognostic sign. Notably…

…first medical contact, the diagnostic ECG, the reperfusion decision, thrombolysis and PCI wire crossing. Exact times are needed for continued management and quality follow up…

…for within 60 minutes 8 Give oxygen, fluid and a vasopressor according to the sepsis pathway when needed 9 Contact the haematologist or oncologist. Contact…

…consider connecting V3R and V4R to detect concomitant right ventricular infarction. IIa B Routine blood sampling for serum markers is indicated as soon as possible…

…Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring is a non invasive method for detecting and quantifying calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque. It is performed using a non contrast…

…the intrinsic contrast between the cardiac chambers, blood pool, and vascular structures is limited. CCTA has become an important first line investigation for selected patients…

…the coronary arterial tree after selective intracoronary contrast injection under fluoroscopy. The procedure is performed by advancing guidewires and diagnostic catheters from a percutaneous arterial…

…a single eGFR. Step 1: confirm the course and assess severity Establish the baseline Look for previous creatinine values in the record, preferably from before…

…Contact the thrombectomy centre immediately where large vessel occlusion is possible. Do not wait for the definitive radiology report if the clinical picture and the…

…therefore have both an acidosis and an alkalosis at the same time despite a normal pH. The lungs compensate for a primary metabolic disturbance within…

…plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior iliac spine is the standard site for both aspiration and biopsy…

…but accounts for a minority of cases Hypoactive Lethargy, slow responses, reduced speech, immobility, poor food intake, reduced eye contact Common and particularly easy to…

…for at least 30 minutes, and measure the pH in the conjunctival sac before anything else is done. Preparation and equipment A visual acuity chart…

…boric acid, fluoride Preparation and equipment Medicinal charcoal as a ready made suspension or as a powder for suspension in water. A glass of water…

…plasma potassium after about 1 hour and follow the plasma glucose closely for at least 6 hours after insulin. 7. Contact nephrology early in anuria…

…an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab…

…2. Designate a team leader and one person responsible for recording the transfusions, the sampling, the incoming products and contact with the blood bank. 3…

…dizziness attributable to a wax plug. The tympanic membrane cannot be inspected and the examination is needed for the diagnosis. Before audiometry or the fitting…

…set of valves, and a high flow nasal cannula where available. Bag mask equipment for a patient who is not breathing adequately. Choosing a system…

…not just the cannula, that determines how quickly the volume reaches the patient. Preparation and equipment Cannulae in several sizes, a tourniquet, chlorhexidine in alcohol…

…a targeted antidote, reduced absorption and, in selected cases, enhanced elimination. For many poisonings, well delivered supportive treatment matters more than the antidote [1,2…

…and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a few hours. Contraindications A fracture dislocation requiring operative treatment — contact…

…the nose clip and have the patient seal the lips tightly around the mouthpiece without the tongue blocking it. 3. Quiet breathing for a few…

…Prepare airway equipment and contact anaesthesia early with a prolonged seizure, repeated doses of benzodiazepine, aspiration, hypoventilation, circulatory failure or an anticipated need for anaesthesia…

…Severe hypernatraemia. Preparation and equipment Two peripheral venous cannulas, or a central venous catheter for longer treatment. Sodium bicarbonate 50 mg/mL (corresponding to 0…

…a complete one. Contact the urologist or the surgeon on call for urethrography and suprapubic drainage. Preparation and equipment A sterile catheterisation pack, sterile gloves…

…age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that…

…of peripheral pulses; auscultation for carotid, femoral, and abdominal bruits; bilateral brachial blood pressure measurement; cardiac auscultation; inspection of the legs and feet. A systolic…

…wool spots, and papilloedema. Associated complications may include encephalopathy, acute heart failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and abrupt deterioration in renal function. By contrast, hypertensive urgency…

…may result from several overlapping processes: Recurrent or extensive MI with necrosis and scar formation Diffuse myocardial fibrosis Reversible ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating…

…rich thrombus. In contrast, plaque erosion tends to occur in vessels with little or no lipid core, rich proteoglycans, and many smooth muscle cells, leading…

…ultrasound contrast agents are used The technique is particularly useful because it is rapid, can be performed at the bedside, avoids ionizing radiation, and can…

…e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an action potential that will spread through…

…of the valvular orifice. Both aortic stenosis and hypertension result in increased ventricular load, which the ventricle counteracts by developing hypertrophy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy implies left…