…trials, the field has transitioned from a predominantly pharmacological strategy to one that heavily integrates early catheter ablation and sophisticated device therapy [1] [2] . This…

…such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish…

…cardiac rhythm [4]: Antiarrhythmic Agents : Intravenous amiodarone and lidocaine can be administered. Additional pharmacological options include quinidine, ranolazine, and procainamide [4]. Catheter Ablation : Catheter ablation…

…III antiarrhythmic agents may be considered. Catheter ablation should be considered in patients with a high risk of recurrence. Electrical cardioversion is generally ineffective in…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of a central venous catheter insertion is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Intravascular imaging comprises catheter based techniques that directly visualize the coronary lumen, vessel wall, plaque, thrombus, and implanted…

…spasm. The absence of obstructive CAD on ICA should therefore not automatically be interpreted as evidence that the patient’s symptoms are non cardiac. In…

…contrast media are injected selectively into the epicardial coronary arteries through a catheter advanced from a peripheral artery to the aortic root and coronary ostia…

…in investigating right ventricular load. Pressure in the right atrium (right atrial pressure) With the PA catheter (Swan Ganz catheter), the right atrial pressure can…

…drawstring, absorbable alternatives (oxidised cellulose, a gelatin–thrombin matrix), a balloon catheter, or petroleum jelly impregnated ribbon gauze. Antibiotic ointment (for example mupirocin or bacitracin)…

…and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes…

…are introduced, although the effect on 24 hour mortality is uncertain and the evidence for non traumatic bleeding is weaker [2,3,4]. Do the…

…mmHg for 15 minutes, or a need for a vasopressor), obstructive shock or cardiac arrest with suspected pulmonary embolism. Urgent bedside echocardiography, looking for right…

…longer procedures and with epidural anaesthesia. Bladder washout and continuous irrigation in macroscopic haematuria with clots (a three way catheter). Instillation therapy and contrast studies…

…Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and increase mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase cardiac contractile force (contractility). Several endogenous and synthetic agents exist and are frequently combined…

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…

…testing), and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition…

…largely replaced catheterization. This section discusses hemodynamic principles and how these can be leveraged to calculate stroke volume, cardiac output, pressure conditions, severity of stenoses…

…Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and increase mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase cardiac contractile force (contractility). Several endogenous and synthetic agents exist and are frequently combined…

Cardiology Key points Levosimendan alleviates heart failure symptoms, increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of…

…must be kept within narrow limits: aortic dissection, intracerebral haemorrhage, after cardiac arrest. Repeated blood gases, for example during mechanical ventilation or severe metabolic derangement…

…Suction with Frazier tips of various sizes. A balloon catheter (a 5–6 Fr Fogarty or a Katz extractor). A local anaesthetic with a vasoconstrictor…

…patient — charcoal stains everything black. For administration by tube: a gastric tube and a 50–60 mL catheter syringe, and equipment for confirming the position…

…local anaesthetic, and a decongestant nasal spray if the nasal passage is narrow. A 50–60 mL catheter syringe, a collection bag or suction, and…

…the most light and the best view. Irrigation: a 30–60 mL syringe with a soft irrigation catheter, or an electric ear irrigator with pressure…

…mg/mL), sterile gloves, fenestrated drape; full sterile attire for therapeutic drainage with an indwelling catheter. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL, 5–10 mL, 25 G…

…made the procedure considerably safer than the blind subxiphoid technique still described in older textbooks. Indications Cardiac tamponade — the only absolute indication, and always urgent…

…syringe, a three way tap. Therapeutic aspiration: a commercial aspiration set or a 6–8 F pigtail catheter, a drainage bag or a vacuum bottle…

…MAP remains below 65 mmHg or the hypotension is marked. Do not wait for a central venous catheter Continuously Reassess the mental state, capillary refill…

…°C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest is harmful…

…while awaiting the antidote and specific treatment. Bradyasystole during and after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive pacing in bradycardia dependent torsades de pointes…

…Preparation and equipment Two peripheral venous cannulas, or a central venous catheter for longer treatment. Sodium bicarbonate 50 mg/mL (corresponding to 0.6 mmol…

…free wall rupture after infarction Anticoagulant associated bleeding Renal failure Systemic inflammatory disease Catheter based electrophysiological and structural cardiac procedures In patients with acute pericarditis…

…ischemia Deterioration in ventricular function Hemodynamic instability Periprocedural myocardial infarction Cardiogenic shock Cardiac arrest The severity may be disproportionate to the angiographic appearance of the…

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…