…trials, the field has transitioned from a predominantly pharmacological strategy to one that heavily integrates early catheter ablation and sophisticated device therapy [1] [2] . This…

…such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish…

…cardiac rhythm [4]: Antiarrhythmic Agents : Intravenous amiodarone and lidocaine can be administered. Additional pharmacological options include quinidine, ranolazine, and procainamide [4]. Catheter Ablation : Catheter ablation…

…III antiarrhythmic agents may be considered. Catheter ablation should be considered in patients with a high risk of recurrence. Electrical cardioversion is generally ineffective in…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of a central venous catheter insertion is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Intravascular imaging comprises catheter based techniques that directly visualize the coronary lumen, vessel wall, plaque, thrombus, and implanted…

…spasm. The absence of obstructive CAD on ICA should therefore not automatically be interpreted as evidence that the patient’s symptoms are non cardiac. In…

…contrast media are injected selectively into the epicardial coronary arteries through a catheter advanced from a peripheral artery to the aortic root and coronary ostia…

…in investigating right ventricular load. Pressure in the right atrium (right atrial pressure) With the PA catheter (Swan Ganz catheter), the right atrial pressure can…

…drawstring, absorbable alternatives (oxidised cellulose, a gelatin–thrombin matrix), a balloon catheter, or petroleum jelly impregnated ribbon gauze. Antibiotic ointment (for example mupirocin or bacitracin)…