…A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula in several sizes…

…caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause…

…in with the needle stings. Needles of the correct length (see the table), a syringe of the correct size, a sharps bin. For vaccination: adrenaline…

…Preparation and equipment Arterial catheter, usually 20 G in an adult; a smaller size in children. A set with an integrated guidewire (Seldinger technique) helps…

…cm) : : : Adult woman 7.0–7.5 21 Adult man 7.5–8.0 23 Child, cuffed tube age/4 + 3.5 tube size × 3…

…inflate and are chosen on weight alone. When in doubt between two sizes in an adult: choose the larger , since a mask that is too…

…Measurement Who should be tested? Current recommendations support measuring Lp(a) at least once in every adult’s lifetime. Testing is particularly relevant in: individuals…

…restoration of coronary blood flow to the infarct zone, thereby limiting infarct size and preserving myocardial function. The benefit of reperfusion is strongly time dependent…

…perivalvular (adjacent to the valves), etc. Cardiac tumors cause nonspecific symptoms that depend on the size of the tumor, localization, hemodynamic effects and possible impact…

…C, non HDL C and apoB are usually correlated, but discordance may occur when particles differ in cholesterol content or size. In such cases, cardiovascular…

…keep still. Sedation is usually better than physical restraint — ketamine provides both immobilisation and less psychological trauma than being held down by three adults. Procedure…

…never through the nose. Preparation and equipment A tube of a suitable size. A wide bore tube (Ch 14–18) of polyvinyl chloride for decompression…

…to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size Choose the veins of the forearm for planned treatment: they are stable, they disturb the…

…A catheter is not, however, indicated for incontinence as the sole reason, for convenience where the workload is heavy, or as a substitute for mobilisation…

…adult Abnormal relaxation (grade 1 dysfunction) Pseudonormal (grade 2 dysfunction) Reversible restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio…

[calc_qtc] 1 – 15 years, male and female Adult, male Adult, female Normal <440 ms <430 ms <450 ms Upper limit 440–460 ms 430…

…combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including: Unstable angina (UA…

…are taken from the recommendations of Strama Stockholm for the empirical antibiotic treatment of adults in hospital and in residential care homes (SÄBO) 2025/2026…

…it further. Starting doses in acute pain in an opioid naive adult Agent Route Starting dose Comment : : : : Morphine IV 2.5–5 mg, repeated after…

…the newborn differ markedly from adult reference values and normalise gradually through childhood. The interpretation is made in the same systematic way as in adults…

…is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk…

…due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its routine use in adult patients is generally discouraged. However…

…ensure optimal oxygen delivery, high flow oxygen therapy (100% FiO2) should be provided to maintain arterial oxygen saturation levels above 95%. Given the young age…

…Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient category Transfusion threshold (Hb) : : Most stable adult inpatients, including intensive care 70 g/L Known cardiovascular…

Procedurer The doses below apply to adults unless otherwise stated, and paediatric doses are given per kilogram with the stated maximum. Always check against the…

…worldwide. In developed nations, the prevalence of HF is approximately 1–2% in the general adult population, but this figure rises steeply with age, exceeding…

…normal and pathological pediatric and neonatal ECG The neonatal and pediatric electrocardiogram (ECG) is interpreted using the same principles as in ECG interpretation in adults…

…the electrical signals generated in the myocardium. The same ECG grid is used in children and adult patients. Recommendations for ECG recording in children Pediatric…

…less lung tissue covering the heart. Some images in adult TTE are obtained with the patient in the supine position. In order to obtain the…

…circumference Midpoint of the upper arm < 23 cm suggests undernutrition in adults Calf circumference Largest circumference < 31 cm is a screening marker for…

…gastric lavage: a wide bore orogastric tube (Ch 28–32 in an adult), a funnel or a lavage system, lukewarm fluid (tap water for adults…

…1]. Activate the local major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and the simultaneous delivery of red cells, plasma and…

…turned has not finished being titrated. Expect an opioid naive adult to need 5–15 mg of morphine in total. If more than that is…

…overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic alkalosis or an arterial pH above 7.55 already before starting. Severe hypernatraemia…

…particularly in older adults. Consequently, an adult with bridging and a substantial proximal atherosclerotic burden should be considered and treated in the same broad category…

…is measured in at least two leads. Areas above the baseline (typically the TP segment) are assigned positive polarity, while areas below the baseline are…

…established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are therefore very brief. Indications Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), which includes forms…

…Palpitations, syncope or cardiac arrest–particularly during physical activity–in a young adult with T wave inversions in V1–V4, or other ECG changes (see…

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…

…a dose of 30 ml/kg. Should fluid resuscitation fail to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) above 65 mmHg, consider the initiation of vasopressor…

…confusion, convulsion, tachycardia, hypotension, coma. As above but with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia…

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…

…and medical therapies. Adults with congenital heart disease are mostly managed in GUCH clinics (Grown Up Congenital Heart disease). Prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD…

…at lower blood pressure levels. KEY POINTS • The risk of cardiovascular disease increases gradually at blood pressure levels above 115/75 mm Hg. • A rise…

…all above listed formulas were developed many decades ago and they have multiple drawbacks. For example, Bazett's formula is only suitable in adults with…

Akutsjukvård Psykiatri Lathundar Delirium in older adults: quick reference A quick reference for ward and on call physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work…

…thresholds are intrinsically arbitrary. A fit 75 year old may be able to follow a treatment strategy used in younger adults, whereas a markedly frail…

Referensvärden The normal values below apply to adults in sinus rhythm, recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10…

Info [calc_vernakalant] Indications for vernakalant Vernakalant (Brinavess) is indicated in adults for chemical conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is…

CPR Poisoning and drug toxicity In adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of…

Neurologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Definition and aims of treatment Convulsive status epilepticus in adults is present with: an ongoing generalised tonic clonic seizure lasting at least…

…pulmonic) regurgitation Pulmonary regurgitation is also called pulmonic regurgitation . The majority of all adults exhibit a small pulmonary regurgitation, which is considered a normal finding…

Infektionssjukdomar Akutsjukvård Lathundar Purpose and scope A quick reference for the doctor on call faced with suspected sepsis in adults: rapid recognition, microbiological sampling, empirical…

…age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often defined in cardiovascular practice as those older than 75 years, are…

ECG Pediatric ECG interpretation Principles of pediatric & neonatal ECG interpretation Pediatric and neonatal ECG interpretation follows the same principles as ECG interpretation in adults, but…

ECG Principles of pediatric & neonatal ECG interpretation Pediatric and neonatal ECG interpretation follow the same principles as ECG interpretation in adults, but there are important…