Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with…

…a physical medium. This medium may consist of any matter, e.g air, water, metal, or tissue and fluids in the human body. Sound waves…

…breathing and circulation. 2. Assess the neurological symptoms and at the same time exclude other acute causes, for example hypoglycaemia, poisoning, stroke, meningitis and a…

…dizziness attributable to a wax plug. The tympanic membrane cannot be inspected and the examination is needed for the diagnosis. Before audiometry or the fitting…

…and the concentration of filtered substances along the nephron as water is reabsorbed. Nephrotoxic injury may involve the tubules, interstitium, renal vasculature or collecting system…

…The biologically active natriuretic peptides promote vasodilation, renal sodium and water excretion, and reduction of cardiac fibrosis through activation of the natriuretic peptide A receptor…

…a distinct disease. It identifies patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive antihypertensive treatment and who therefore require assessment for pseudo resistance, secondary hypertension…

…ATPase pump. It undergoes redistribution, making it suitable for assessing viability and hibernating myocardium, at the expense of higher radiation exposure and blurrier images. The…

…obese patients. Lean body weight is used for propofol and rocuronium; actual weight for suxamethonium and for hydrophilic drugs distributed in total body water. Body…

…or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal…

…has high diagnostic accuracy [2]. A venous blood gas is generally sufficient for the assessment of pH and bicarbonate. An arterial blood gas is needed…

…insect in the ear canal. A 30–60 mL syringe with a soft catheter and body temperature water for irrigation. Small children need help to…

…Ch 28–32 in an adult), a funnel or a lavage system, lukewarm fluid (tap water for adults, isotonic saline for children), a collecting vessel…

… a long one for a high BMI), preferably warmed. Water based lubricant in a small quantity — it does not interfere with cytology or HPV testing…

…debridement 1. Cleanse with lukewarm tap water or saline; showering the leg is a good option. 2. Apply topical anaesthetic cream under occlusion for 30

…soft tube (Ch 8–12) of polyurethane or silicone for nutrition, since it causes less mucosal irritation with longer term use. A water soluble lubricant…

…and the ECG machine. Lidocaine spray for the pharynx and lidocaine gel for the electrode. A glass of water with a straw, a vomit bowl…

…saline for flushing. An intraosseous drill system with needles in three lengths: short for children and slim limbs, medium for most adults, long for thick…

…Kenacort T) has been out of stock for a long period — check local availability. Betamethasone (Betapred 4 mg/mL) is water soluble and short acting…

…mL or an equivalent cleansing solution, sterile gauze, sterile water for the balloon, a drainage bag and a catheter valve, and lubricant containing a local…

…to its depth, and has not been assessed for tendon and nerve injury will heal badly however neatly the suture is placed. The commonest cause…

…or without food. For patients who cannot swallow the tablets whole, they can be crushed, mixed in half a glass of water, and consumed immediately…

…duration , sex , and genetically influenced effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with…

…15 seconds, with submillimetre spatial resolution. Iodinated contrast is generally required for coronary angiography because the intrinsic contrast between the cardiac chambers, blood pool, and…

…coordinate these two tasks, the heart has an electrical conduction system composed of specialized myocardial cells (henceforth referred to as conduction cells). These cells form…

…Principles of myocardial excitability and the conduction system Achieving an effective pumping mechanism requires the atria and the ventricles to be activated rapidly and sequentially…