…between the cardiac chambers, blood pool, and vascular structures is limited. CCTA has become an important first line investigation for selected patients with suspected coronary…

…effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias…

…a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with expansion of both the intravascular and extravascular compartments…

…Figure 3. Wavelength Wavelength is defined as the distance between two points (along the sound wave) with equal amplitude (i.e pressure). It is easy…

…for example a Glasgow Coma Scale below 8 Vomiting together with clear neurological impairment Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest Clinical signs of raised intracranial pressure…

…Irrigation: a 30–60 mL syringe with a soft irrigation catheter, or an electric ear irrigator with pressure limitation, body temperature water or saline ( 36…

…of filtered substances along the nephron as water is reabsorbed. Nephrotoxic injury may involve the tubules, interstitium, renal vasculature or collecting system. With iodinated contrast…

…clinical setting. Values obtained in the emergency department for acute dyspnoea should not be transferred directly to patients with less acute outpatient symptoms. Natriuretic peptides…

…with prescribed therapy; Inadequate dosing; An inappropriate diuretic for kidney function; Excess dietary sodium and volume overload; Concomitant drugs or conditions that increase blood pressure…

…concentration to regions with lower concentration, for reasons other than perfusion differences, making image interpretation more ambiguous. Table 1. Radiotracers used for SPECT imaging Thallium…

…obese patients. Lean body weight is used for propofol and rocuronium; actual weight for suxamethonium and for hydrophilic drugs distributed in total body water. Body…

…pressure sores. 4. Dip the plaster in tepid water and squeeze out the excess without wringing. 5. Put the slab in place and mould with…

…protocols. Children, pregnant women and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA…

…insect in the ear canal. A 30–60 mL syringe with a soft catheter and body temperature water for irrigation. Small children need help to…

…system, lukewarm fluid (tap water for adults, isotonic saline for children), a collecting vessel, a bite block, and powerful suction with wide bore tubing. Working…

… a long one for a high BMI), preferably warmed. Water based lubricant in a small quantity — it does not interfere with cytology or HPV testing…

…debridement 1. Cleanse with lukewarm tap water or saline; showering the leg is a good option. 2. Apply topical anaesthetic cream under occlusion for 30

…A fixation dressing for the nose, a vomit bowl, tissues, and a glass of water with a straw if the patient is awake and can…

…and lidocaine gel for the electrode. A glass of water with a straw, a vomit bowl, tissues, suction. Monitoring with ECG, blood pressure and saturation…

…tissue and for the head of the humerus. A pressure bag or a 50 mL syringe with a three way tap — intraosseous flow requires pressure …

…Kenacort T) has been out of stock for a long period — check local availability. Betamethasone (Betapred 4 mg/mL) is water soluble and short acting…

…mL or an equivalent cleansing solution, sterile gauze, sterile water for the balloon, a drainage bag and a catheter valve, and lubricant containing a local…

…of drinking quality tap water or sodium chloride 9 mg/mL. The volume matters more than the fluid; irrigate under pressure through a 20 mL…

…be administered with or without food. For patients who cannot swallow the tablets whole, they can be crushed, mixed in half a glass of water…

…repolarization) since it coincides with ventricular depolarization (i.e. QRS complex), which has much stronger electrical potentials. Cell types in electrocardiology For the purpose of…

…routine, safe, and sophisticated treatment used worldwide. Artificial pacemakers have benefitted immensely from advances in engineering, notably with the advent of transistors, programmable circuits, lithium…