…adjustable Humidified and warmed gas; it provides some positive airway pressure and washes out dead space. It requires special equipment and monitoring The nasal cannula…

…catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted peripheral venous access during prolonged intravenous therapy…

…the test must therefore never be performed without atropine, ECG monitoring and access to airway support. Indications Clinically suspected myasthenia gravis in a patient with…

…sedation and positive pressure ventilation before decompression where possible: anaesthesia and intubation can precipitate circulatory collapse in a tamponaded patient , since positive airway pressure further…

…airway completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures…

…whether the difficulties were anticipated, whether the position and the equipment are in order, and whether there is an explicit plan for what happens when…

…2 ) in the respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at the end of expiration. It provides an integrated…

…than 5 seconds. The effect of cricoid pressure and gastric insufflation remains uncertain ( Panchal et al ). Nasopharyngeal airways ("trumpets") should be inserted carefully. The risk…

…Preparation and equipment An examination couch that can be lowered, preferably allowing the prone position. Monitoring: pulse oximetry, blood pressure, ECG and capnography during sedation…

…position when this is practicable. Give oxygen if hypoxaemic. Use a bag and mask if ventilation is inadequate. Monitor the saturation, respiratory rate, blood pressure…

…A pulse oximeter, a blood pressure cuff, and an arterial line for prolonged pacing. Venous access, oxygen, suction, airway equipment. Analgesia and sedation: an opioid…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…it is the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in…

…substance that binds to charcoal, when it can be given early and the patient has an intact or a protected airway. The benefit is greatest…

…if it is safe for the rescuer, victim and bystanders. Relocate to a safe position if required. 2. Confirm cardiac arrest In case of a…

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…atrial rate (beats/min)? P waves should precede every QRS complex and the P wave should be positive in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm …

…P wave. The P wave is a small, positive and smooth wave. It is small because the atria make a relatively small muscle mass. If…

…but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal T wave in adults is positive in most precordial and limb leads. The T wave amplitude is…

…P waves with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. P wave is positive in limb lead II. Normal (physiological) causes of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia…

…P wave precedes every QRS complex; the PR interval is constant and the P wave is positive in lead II. Causes of bradyarrhythmia: sinus bradycardia…

…with normal ST segments, whereas isolated ST depression in a woman with a low pre test probability is usually a false positive. Indications Evaluation of…

…an irregular pupil, a soft globe — because a perforated eye must never be instrumented, have its pressure measured, or be palpated. Indications A sensation of…

…as a triage test on the same liquid based sample when the HPV test is positive — the sample therefore does not need to be repeated…

Kardiologi Intensivvård Lathundar Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and raise the mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase myocardial contractility. There are several synthetic and endogenous agents with…

…anticoagulants (DOACs) are contraindicated. Antiphospholipid syndrome, particularly triple positive disease or after an arterial event, where DOACs have proved inferior. Atrial fibrillation with marked renal…

…algorithm) If the QRS complex in V1–V2 resembles a right bundle branch block (i.e positive QRS) V1 : Monophasic R complex suggests ventricular tachycardia…

…patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output. Its primary clinical utility in contemporary practice is late line therapy for patients who…

…of ischemia, this may manifest as tall, positive hyperacute T waves [15]. Profound ST elevation across multiple leads generally indicates very severe ischemia [15]. A…

…the electrical axis to the right. The terminal portion of the T wave is not positive in right ventricular hypertrophy. The ST segment depressions have…

…a positive result is most persuasive when the initial probability is high enough that the result meaningfully increases the likelihood of disease and can justify…

…is measured in at least two leads. Areas above the baseline (typically the TP segment) are assigned positive polarity, while areas below the baseline are…

…between –30° and 90°. If the axis is more positive than 90° it is referred to as right axis deviation. If the axis is more…

…between –30° and 90°. If the axis is more positive than 90° it is referred to as right axis deviation. If the axis is more…

…Figure 6 shows a net negative QRS complex, because the negative areas are greater than the positive area. Electrical vectors that engender the QRS complex…

…Typical features include a lipid rich core, a thin fibrous cap, macrophage and foam cell accumulation, expansive or positive remodelling, neovascularization, plaque haemorrhage, adventitial inflammation…

…during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung pathologies In cases of benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension pneumothorax, leading to circulatory collapse…

…Figure 1). As sodium leaks into the cell, the membrane becomes more positive. When the membrane potential reaches its threshold –40 mV, the action potential…

…ECG Digoxin has a positive inotropic effect and a negative chronotropic effect, enhancing ventricular contractility while lowering heart rate. The positive inotropic effect is due…

…atrial rate (beats/min)? P waves should precede every QRS complex and the P wave should be positive in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm …

…contour on ECG The normal P wave (Figure 1, upper panel) is typically smooth, symmetric and positive. The P wave in lead II may, however…

…P wave with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. The P wave is positive in lead II. Figure 1 (below) shows normal sinus rhythm at…

…Similar to sinus rhythm, the rhythm is regular with a positive P wave in lead II, but the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute…

…II, aVR, V5 and V6 should display positive T waves in adults. aVR displays a negative T wave in adults. III and aVL may occasionally…

…mainly measure acetoacetate. Urine ketones may therefore underestimate the ketosis early on and remain positive after the clinically relevant ketosis has resolved. Capillary measurement of…

…been achieved. Penetrating torso injury with shock. A positive FAST scan in an unstable trauma patient. An unstable pelvic fracture with circulatory compromise. A ruptured…

…trauma and old age. A positive value is not a diagnosis. Risk grading in confirmed pulmonary embolism Risk Haemodynamics Right ventricular strain (echo or CT…

…must raise the suspicion of sepsis. The patient need not have fever, leucocytosis or a positive culture. Older people, the immunosuppressed and patients with renal…

…term prediction of sudden cardiac arrest. The constraint does not lie in therapy: implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are highly effective, terminating well over 99% of…

…including branch points in the epicardial coronary arteries. Early lesions may undergo positive or compensatory remodelling, in which the vessel enlarges outward before a major…

…age, frailty, and anticipated adherence to antithrombotic therapy. Anatomical and functional completeness are not synonymous. Anatomically incomplete revascularization may nevertheless be functionally complete if all…

…early repolarization. They assert that the early repolarization in ECG (A) is characterized by upward concavity of the ST segment and positive T waves. In…

…leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate more closely with abnormal LV mechanical function and the potential benefit of resynchronization pacemaker therapy [7]. R Wave Peak…

…steeper downward slope. The U wave The U wave, which is a positive wave after the T wave, appears occasionally on the ECG. Its height…

…and aVF and positive flutter waves in V1 (Figure 1). If the re entry has a clockwise direction, the flutter waves are positive in lead…

…High PRS burdens correlate with a more severe electrocardiographic phenotype, a higher likelihood of positive provocation testing, and an increased risk of malignant arrhythmic events …

…to higher levels of troponin being detected with conventional assays. False positive elevations of troponin are rarely explained by such interference ( Bularga et al ). Age…

…pacing (see below), in which the lead tip is equipped with two electrodes; a positive electrode ( anode ), and a negative electrode ( cathode) . The pulse generator…

…II, –aVR, V5 and V6 should display positive T waves in adults. Lead aVR normally displays a negative T wave. Lead III may occasionally display…

…R waves: R wave ≥0,04 s in V1 V2 and R/S ratio ≥1 with concordant positive T wave in absence of conduction defect…