…adjustable Humidified and warmed gas; it provides some positive airway pressure and washes out dead space. It requires special equipment and monitoring The nasal cannula…

…plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous…

…and is not specific: motor neurone disease, myopathies and Lambert–Eaton syndrome may also give a positive result. A negative test does not exclude myasthenia…

…collapse in a tamponaded patient , since positive airway pressure further reduces the venous return. Procedure Choice of access The ultrasound, not tradition, determines the site…

…6 over 100 kg 50 mL The volumes are maxima — inflate to a seal and check that the cuff pressure does not exceed 60 cmH₂O …

…secured airway — transfer, heavy sedation, surgery — and cardiac arrest. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in the emergency situation. Consider alternatives when: Intubation is not…

…Verifying the position of the tracheal tube. Evaluating the efficacy of chest compressions. Identifying return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Prognostication. Potential reasons for a flat…

…management should not interrupt compressions for more than 5 seconds. The effect of cricoid pressure and gastric insufflation remains uncertain ( Panchal et al ). Nasopharyngeal airways …

…Preparation and equipment An examination couch that can be lowered, preferably allowing the prone position. Monitoring: pulse oximetry, blood pressure, ECG and capnography during sedation…

…treatment must proceed simultaneously. Do not wait for laboratory results, CT or EEG before the first dose of benzodiazepine is given. Airway, breathing and circulation…

…with airway expertise. Procedure 1. Dry the skin and shave where necessary. Do not clip the hair — small cuts cause burning pain. 2. Position the…

…g × 3 IV Do not treat asymptomatic bacteriuria. The exceptions are pregnancy and the period before a urological procedure. A positive urine dipstick in an…

…it is the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in…

…you decide, not afterwards. Indications Medicinal charcoal is given after the ingestion of a potentially toxic dose of a substance that binds to charcoal, when…

…if it is safe for the rescuer, victim and bystanders. Relocate to a safe position if required. 2. Confirm cardiac arrest In case of a…

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…atrial rate (beats/min)? P waves should precede every QRS complex and the P wave should be positive in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm …

…with somewhat varying angles) and therefore displays a positive P wave throughout. Figure 2 (above) does not show that the P wave in lead II…

…but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal T wave in adults is positive in most precordial and limb leads. The T wave amplitude is…

…P waves with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. P wave is positive in limb lead II. Normal (physiological) causes of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia…

…P wave precedes every QRS complex; the PR interval is constant and the P wave is positive in lead II. Causes of bradyarrhythmia: sinus bradycardia…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…an irregular pupil, a soft globe — because a perforated eye must never be instrumented, have its pressure measured, or be palpated. Indications A sensation of…

…does not attend for a gynaecological examination, or who prefers to take the sample herself, is given a vaginal self sampling kit. A positive self…

Kardiologi Intensivvård Lathundar Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and raise the mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase myocardial contractility. There are several synthetic and endogenous agents with…

…first choice in Sweden. Warfarin is started today because there is a reason to reject a DOAC , not as the standard option. Contraindications Ongoing clinically…

…algorithm) If the QRS complex in V1–V2 resembles a right bundle branch block (i.e positive QRS) V1 : Monophasic R complex suggests ventricular tachycardia…

…patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output. Its primary clinical utility in contemporary practice is late line therapy for patients who…

…of ischemia, this may manifest as tall, positive hyperacute T waves [15]. Profound ST elevation across multiple leads generally indicates very severe ischemia [15]. A…

…the electrical axis to the right. The terminal portion of the T wave is not positive in right ventricular hypertrophy. The ST segment depressions have…

…is therefore not merely an incidental imaging finding; it can refine the decision to test and may identify patients who require preventive therapy even when…

…of the Electrical Axis The heart's electrical axis represents the net vectoral sum of all active electrical wavefronts at any given point in time…

…between –30° and 90°. If the axis is more positive than 90° it is referred to as right axis deviation. If the axis is more…

…between –30° and 90°. If the axis is more positive than 90° it is referred to as right axis deviation. If the axis is more…

…wave is not negative, then the QRS complex does not possess a Q wave, regardless of the appearance of the QRS complex. All positive waves…

…Typical features include a lipid rich core, a thin fibrous cap, macrophage and foam cell accumulation, expansive or positive remodelling, neovascularization, plaque haemorrhage, adventitial inflammation…

…during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung pathologies In cases of benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension pneumothorax, leading to circulatory collapse…

…Figure 1). As sodium leaks into the cell, the membrane becomes more positive. When the membrane potential reaches its threshold –40 mV, the action potential…

…However, digoxin is still used in patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using first line therapies. Digoxin is also used frequently in the emergency…

…atrial rate (beats/min)? P waves should precede every QRS complex and the P wave should be positive in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm …

…symmetric and positive. The P wave in lead II may, however, be slightly asymmetric by having two humps. This is often (but not always) seen…

…P wave with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. The P wave is positive in lead II. Figure 1 (below) shows normal sinus rhythm at…

…Similar to sinus rhythm, the rhythm is regular with a positive P wave in lead II, but the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute…

…amplitudes yield large T wave amplitudes, and vice versa). Last but not least, the normal T wave is slightly asymmetric; the slope of the descending…

…All concentrations are given in mmol/L and the result in mosm/kg. Urea is included in the total osmolality but not in the effective…

…while definitive control of the bleeding has not yet been achieved. Penetrating torso injury with shock. A positive FAST scan in an unstable trauma patient…

…trauma and old age. A positive value is not a diagnosis. Risk grading in confirmed pulmonary embolism Risk Haemodynamics Right ventricular strain (echo or CT…

…infection together with new organ dysfunction must raise the suspicion of sepsis. The patient need not have fever, leucocytosis or a positive culture. Older people…

…term prediction of sudden cardiac arrest. The constraint does not lie in therapy: implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are highly effective, terminating well over 99% of…

…fibrous cap; positive remodelling; neovascularization; intraplaque haemorrhage; adventitial inflammation; spotty calcification. Nevertheless, the presence of these features does not imply inevitable clinical disruption. Fewer than…

…frailty, and anticipated adherence to antithrombotic therapy. Anatomical and functional completeness are not synonymous. Anatomically incomplete revascularization may nevertheless be functionally complete if all lesions…

…of the ST segment and positive T waves. In ECG (B) they state something similar. Unfortunately, these ECGs do not show any sign of early…

…leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate more closely with abnormal LV mechanical function and the potential benefit of resynchronization pacemaker therapy [7]. R Wave Peak…

…the depolarization (activation, contraction) of the ventricles. Although it may not always include a Q wave, R wave and S wave, it is still referred…

…atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals. Atrial flutter causes characteristic ECG changes, as…

…High PRS burdens correlate with a more severe electrocardiographic phenotype, a higher likelihood of positive provocation testing, and an increased risk of malignant arrhythmic events …

…to higher levels of troponin being detected with conventional assays. False positive elevations of troponin are rarely explained by such interference ( Bularga et al ). Age…

ECG Principles of myocardial excitability Myocardium is excitable not only by action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that…

…neighboring lead (aVF) does not display T wave inversion. Lead aVL may also occasionally display an isolated T wave inversion. Lead aVF : positive T wave…

…varies with respiration. Lead III may also display small Q waves (not related to respiration) in individuals with electrical axis 30° to 0°. QS complex…