…account for attenuation and other technical factors. Relative perfusion assessment has an important limitation: it requires a normally perfused reference territory. In diffuse coronary disease…

…of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant valvular disease. Table 1. Etiologies in…

…sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive…

…abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile…

…Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection over the injection site. Bacteraemia or suspected septic bursitis or arthritis. A joint prosthesis in the adjacent joint…

…where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco…

…compression. Infection in the skin overlying the puncture site. Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A…

…govern which site is chosen. Infection, burns or trauma over the insertion site. Thrombosis or known stenosis in the target vessel. Coagulopathy or ongoing anticoagulation…

…routinely recommended — alkaline urine increases the precipitation of calcium phosphate. Contraindications Hypokalaemia — must be corrected first or in parallel; otherwise the treatment is ineffective. Hypocalcaemia …

…19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However, in some individuals the infection may be…

…Infection, hypovolaemia, cardiac dysfunction, haemodynamic instability, anaemia and other nephrotoxic exposures may contribute to tubular injury, making attribution to contrast alone difficult. In patients with…

…dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP or NT proBNP may be markedly…

…as carbohydrate administration. 3. Rapid identification of seizures, delirium tremens, infection, trauma and metabolic disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation…

…for a central venous catheter — coagulopathy, infection at the puncture site, known thrombosis in the target vein. With a mechanical tricuspid prosthesis the lead must…

…of the tracheal tube. Cardiac arrest without adequate blood flow or ineffective compressions. While ETCO 2 is optimally measured in tracheal tubes, it can also…

…in the groin or on the neck Bleeding, vascular injury, pseudoaneurysm Surgeon, ultrasound first Other situations that argue for the operating theatre rather than the…

…ischaemic changes CT angiography The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an…

…course (no more than 7 days) may be given to selected patients with an eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary tract infection…

…both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute phase. Septic phlebitis, ongoing soft tissue infection with systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation…

…Discontinuation of digoxin is typically sufficient in patients whose atrial tachycardia is induced by the drug. Management of all other cases aligns with the approach…

…lighter fluid Others Cyanide, boric acid, fluoride Preparation and equipment Medicinal charcoal as a ready made suspension or as a powder for suspension in water…

…sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI. QTc prolongation The QT…

…precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for the prevention…

…Definition and scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition…

…particularly in patients with: Diabetes or other cardiometabolic risk factors Obesity Insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome Elevated triglycerides Low or apparently well controlled LDL C…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical…

…spot, in three minutes, without drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The…

…80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin derivatives or heparin…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…contained in all apoB containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride…

…upper gastrointestinal disease Hepatic or renal disease Multiple cardiovascular risk factors Concomitant nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs Corticosteroid therapy Other antiplatelet or antithrombotic drugs Selective serotonin…

…or other atherosclerotic disease; diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors; smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour; family history, particularly in the broader assessment of peripheral…

…although some series report 10–20%. Other life threatening cardiopulmonary conditions account for approximately 5% of presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively low prevalence…

…1960s. In 1948 the NHLBI initiated the Framingham Heart Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were…

…with STEMI or other very high risk features. Noninferiority studies designed mainly around bleeding outcomes may not reliably exclude clinically important differences in ischemic events…

…intoxication, or other sympathomimetic exposure, including methamphetamine. Abrupt withdrawal of antihypertensive medication, particularly clonidine, can also precipitate a hypertensive crisis. Pregnancy Hypertensive emergencies in pre

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

…of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism…

…with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will be difficult…

…cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy. Biventricular hypertrophy ECG In case the ECG or other examinations suggest…

…ECG in acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other…

Echocardiography Continuous Wave Doppler In continuous wave Doppler (CW Doppler), ultrasound waves are continuously emitted from the transducer and the reflections of these waves are…

…In PET (Positron Emission Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in…

…on the other hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted in both North American and European…

…3. In third degree AV block, no atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other…

…and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist / hip Men 0.90, women 0.85 = abdominal…

…50 Dose reduction as in the table above for rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible…

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

…That makes the test useful only if you have selected an objectively measurable finding in advance — usually ptosis or fatigable gaze palsy — that can be…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Intensivvård Lathundar Clinical use This overview is a quick reference to the intravenous antihypertensive drugs used in a hypertensive emergency. It summarises the…

…a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms…

…not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause…

…Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome, haemolysis The R value = (ALT / upper limit…

…counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the…

…Definition of aortic aneurysm Sinus of Valsalva 45 mm. Any other segment 40 mm in diameter. Thresholds for surgery Threshold for surgery Relevant patient category…

…8% Interpretation of ATRIA risk score. Comparison with other bleeding risk models Several bleeding risk assessment tools exist for patients with AF, including HAS BLED…

…risk factor for stroke in AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk in women is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age…