…a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged endoscopic intervention a need…

…palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper abdominal pain. An ECG recording costs approximately $10 (10€) and may reduce morbidity and mortality substantially in…

…preferably allowing the prone position. Monitoring: pulse oximetry, blood pressure, ECG and capnography during sedation, with oxygen and a bag available. Drugs for procedural sedation…

…category of elevated blood pressure, defined as office SBP 120–139 mmHg or DBP 70–89 mmHg. This distinction supports a risk based approach because…

…oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with…

…Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic…

…work of breathing — the strongest indication, with a rapid effect on dyspnoea and oxygenation. Atelectasis and postoperative hypoxaemia. Hypoxaemic failure where high flow nasal oxygen…

…ECG Initial hs cTn measurement Continuous cardiac monitoring The source material does not provide a detailed list of physical examination findings or a specific examination…

…only for C. difficile) is likewise dosed independently of renal function. Require drug concentration monitoring Drug Comment : : Vancomycin (intravenous) Loading dose by weight, maintenance dose…

…explain the marked differences in characteristics and outcomes across the data sources for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and in hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA…

…therapy. I C Symptom relief Symptom Management Recommendation Level of evidence Hypoxia Oxygen is indicated if SaO2 < 90% or PaO2 < 60 mmHg. I…

…maintenance of sotalol therapy. The drug prolongs the QT interval and the PR interval, while leaving the QRS duration largely unchanged. Continuous ECG monitoring is…

…pressure ECG monitoring D Disability AVPU: Alert Voice responsive Pain responsive Unresponsive Limb movements Pupillary light reflexes Blood glucose E Exposure Identify signs of heart…

…the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) Indications Confirmation of newly detected hypertension — recommended before treatment is started . Suspected white coat hypertension…

…Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating oral medical therapy for heart failure…

…absence of malfunction, a pacemaker should have been checked within the preceding 12 months and an ICD within the preceding 6 months. Remote monitoring may…

…Because of this prolonged terminal half life, achieving steady state concentration without a loading dose takes approximately 265 days. Interpatient variability mandates close clinical monitoring…

…rescue PCI. For the purpose of assessing ST segment return, one should preferably use continuous ST segment monitoring. If monitoring equipment is not available, 12…

…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

…continuous ECG monitoring and early assessment of the need for dialysis ECG changes or serious neuromuscular symptoms mean a high risk even if the plasma…

…monitoring, intravenous or intraosseous access, a targeted history At 5 minutes A full, adequate dose of a benzodiazepine About 10 minutes Repeat the benzodiazepine once…

…in hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) 20 30% of victims have continuous ECG monitoring (telemetry), which allows instantaneous identification of the initial rhythm ( Thorén et al …

…etomidate), routine blood pressure and oximetry monitoring, availability of atropine, isoproterenol, or transcutaneous pacing for post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators , which are…

…same probe as for echocardiography) and a sterile probe cover. Continuous ECG, blood pressure and saturation monitoring; a defibrillator to hand. Sterile gown and gloves…

…Initial management of all poisonings ABCDE Step Assessment and action : : A Assess the airway, the pharyngeal reflexes, vomiting and secretions. Suction and give oxygen as…

…end tidal carbon dioxide level. Continuous ETCO 2 monitoring is possible by means of intubation and ventilation devices equipped with sensors. A normal capnogram is…

…oxygen saturation Syncope These findings may occur singly or in combination. Syncope is particularly important as a marker of potentially severe disease. The presence of…

…of seizures, delirium tremens, infection, trauma and metabolic disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of…

…about 7.20. Different targets apply when the intracranial pressure is raised: normocapnia (PaCO₂ 4.5–5.0 kPa) and avoidance of hypoxia, since hypercapnia…

…is warranted. Diagnostics Hemodynamic and functional monitoring is central to the safe administration of these agents. Continuous blood pressure and rhythm monitoring are mandatory, particularly…

…be used for selection with an unknown time of onset when MRI is immediately available and does not delay treatment Saturation Give oxygen in hypoxia…

…careful monitoring and management of modifiable risk factors. The HAS BLED score has demonstrated moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of…

…with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach continuous rhythm monitoring, secure intravenous access…

…establish: Current smoking status. Cigarettes smoked per day. Duration of smoking and cumulative exposure. Previous quit attempts and their duration. Triggers for smoking and anticipated…

…stenosis. Diagnostics Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Monitoring An ECG should be performed if there is suspicion of syncope due to an arrhythmia or underlying cardiac disease…

…Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given…

…recommended. Warfarin after individual assessment Rule of thumb for the monitoring interval: eGFR divided by 10 gives the number of months until the next check…

…ECG monitoring and access to airway support. Indications Clinically suspected myasthenia gravis in a patient with clear, objectively verifiable fatigable symptoms. Assessment of whether residual…

…but do not delay treatment of a neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood glucose during rapid changes…

…irrespective of the saturation Carbon monoxide poisoning. The pulse oximeter does not distinguish carboxyhaemoglobin from oxyhaemoglobin and shows a falsely normal value. Give 100 % oxygen…

…magnitude of intracardiac shunts, distinguishing hemodynamically significant defects from incidental findings. Guidance for Intervention : A Qp/Qs 1.5 often warrants surgical or percutaneous closure…

…increases myocardial oxygen demand, and may worsen ischemia in patients with obstructive coronary disease. It is also the most prevalent antecedent of heart failure—particularly…

…is the misapplication of this score. A high HAS BLED score (≥3) indicates a need for closer clinical monitoring and aggressive modification of reversible risk…

…low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment when precise measurements are needed to guide therapy. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

…mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure monitoring set: stiff…

…eGFR 30 mL/min. At an eGFR of 15–30 mL/min the documentation is inadequate and closer monitoring is required. Dabigatran is contraindicated at…

…important precautions. A hypertensive emergency is defined by a markedly raised blood pressure in combination with new or progressive acute target organ damage. Common manifestations…

…electrocardiographic and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and…

…three to six months during ongoing compression therapy, and always in the event of new or increasing pain. Preparation and equipment Doppler for the ankle…

…the electrode. A glass of water with a straw, a vomit bowl, tissues, suction. Monitoring with ECG, blood pressure and saturation throughout the investigation. Explain…

…GCS Respiration A respiratory rate of at least 22/min, increased work of breathing, a new oxygen requirement, a saturation below 93 per cent on…

…bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is chosen when the need…

…ICD) is warranted. The HCM Risk SCD calculator is validated to estimate the 5 year risk of SCD in patients with HCM. What is the…

…Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and…

…duration of diastole compared to systole. Clinical utlility Monitoring MAP is essential for assessing adequate organ perfusion, especially in critically ill patients. A MAP of…

…maximally tolerated doses. The apparently uncontrolled office blood pressure must be confirmed using home blood pressure monitoring or ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Other guideline formulations…

…Consequently, the absence of AF during intermittent monitoring is not sufficient evidence that thromboembolic risk is low. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome, AF…

…The management of TdP and related malignant ventricular arrhythmias requires a structured approach focusing on rhythm stabilization, relief of triggers, and reduction of sympathetic drive…

…formerly termed Prinzmetal or variant angina, is myocardial ischaemia caused by transient abnormal vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible…

…Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and…