…needed. Intubate for a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation…

…Management of acute bradycardia in the emergency setting. Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest wall movements…

…beginning of the next inspiration. Normal ETCO 2 : 38 mmHg (5 kPa) or 5%. Monitoring ETCO 2 aids in: Assessing ventilation quality. Determining ventilation rate…

…ventilation is inadequate. Monitor the saturation, respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate and a continuous ECG. Establish two intravenous cannulae where possible. Use intraosseous access…

…focus on: Blood pressure and evidence of hypotension Heart rate and tachycardia Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope…

…facility to give nebulised drugs within the circuit. Monitoring: continuous pulse oximetry, ECG, blood pressure, respiratory rate. A blood gas before starting and after about…

…not to increase the dose. Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus…

…disorientation, agitation, drowsiness or a reduced GCS Respiration A respiratory rate of at least 22/min, increased work of breathing, a new oxygen requirement, a…

…reflexes, vomiting with a risk of aspiration. Inadequate oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis…

…not exclude Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and right ventricle The cardinal echocardiographic finding A dilated inferior vena cava without respiratory variation Strongly suggests…

…in hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) 20 30% of victims have continuous ECG monitoring (telemetry), which allows instantaneous identification of the initial rhythm ( Thorén et al …

…of seizures, delirium tremens, infection, trauma and metabolic disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of…

…crisis. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in hypoxaemia. Take particular care in: A risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure — COPD, severe obesity with hypoventilation, neuromuscular…

…ECG monitoring and access to airway support. Indications Clinically suspected myasthenia gravis in a patient with clear, objectively verifiable fatigable symptoms. Assessment of whether residual…

…is reasonable in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged endoscopic…

…3%) Likelihood of survival to hospital discharge was 8.8% (95% CI 8.2–9.4%) Likelihood of 1 year survival rate was 7.7…

…monitoring should start immediately and a defibrillator must be ready. I B Consider connecting leads V7, V8 and V9 in patients with high suspicion of…

…may decrease the frequency of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) discharges and reduce the defibrillation threshold, though it typically does not slow ventricular tachycardia (VT) rates…

…got up. Holter ECG and longer rhythm monitoring Indications Palpitations, presyncope or syncope of suspected arrhythmic origin. Assessment of rate control in atrial fibrillation. Suspected…

…Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the arm is held in slight abduction and external rotation…

…Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating oral medical therapy for heart failure…

…during surgery, particularly electrosurgery. EMI may produce inappropriate sensing, activation of rate responsive functions, device resetting, inhibition of pacing, inappropriate ICD therapy, or, less commonly…

…activity and there is a chance that ischemic episodes are missed. Indeed, studies (with continuous ST segment monitoring) show that 60% to 75% of ischemic

…Because of this prolonged terminal half life, achieving steady state concentration without a loading dose takes approximately 265 days. Interpatient variability mandates close clinical monitoring…

…category of elevated blood pressure, defined as office SBP 120–139 mmHg or DBP 70–89 mmHg. This distinction supports a risk based approach because…

…discussed previously in this article. Briefly, accelerated ventricular rhythm (also called idioventricular rhythm) is a benign ventricular rhythm with a heart rate of 60–10

…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

…address the cause, assess renal function and the rate of rise. Often outpatient or brief inpatient follow up depending on the clinical picture Moderate 6…

…etomidate), routine blood pressure and oximetry monitoring, availability of atropine, isoproterenol, or transcutaneous pacing for post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators , which are…

…Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic…

…0 g/kg/day Enteral nutrition Started within 48 h where possible Thromboprophylaxis Low molecular weight heparin unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45°…

…is warranted. Diagnostics Hemodynamic and functional monitoring is central to the safe administration of these agents. Continuous blood pressure and rhythm monitoring are mandatory, particularly…

…monitoring, complications and when thrombectomy should be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion…

…careful monitoring and management of modifiable risk factors. The HAS BLED score has demonstrated moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of…

…with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach continuous rhythm monitoring, secure intravenous access…

…establish: Current smoking status. Cigarettes smoked per day. Duration of smoking and cumulative exposure. Previous quit attempts and their duration. Triggers for smoking and anticipated…

…thorough questioning of eyewitnesses, and a complete physical and neurologic examination. Blood pressure and heart rate should be measured in the supine position and after…

…recommended. Warfarin after individual assessment Rule of thumb for the monitoring interval: eGFR divided by 10 gives the number of months until the next check…

…but do not delay treatment of a neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood glucose during rapid changes…

…Post Intervention Monitoring : Assess residual shunts after device closure or surgery. Differentiating Pathologies : Helps differentiate cardiac vs. non cardiac causes of symptoms like dyspnea or…

…functional capacity, and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very…

…consequence of this triad is severe: cardioembolic strokes associated with AF are typically larger, present with more severe neurological deficits, and carry higher rates of…

…low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment when precise measurements are needed to guide therapy. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

…mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure monitoring set: stiff…

…eGFR 30 mL/min. At an eGFR of 15–30 mL/min the documentation is inadequate and closer monitoring is required. Dabigatran is contraindicated at…

…Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute aortic syndrome Immediate rate control and rapid reduction of the systolic blood pressure towards 100 to 120 mmHg…

…electrocardiographic and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and…

…closer monitoring — the patient cannot feel pressure injury Peripheral neuropathy of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with…

…lidocaine gel for the electrode. A glass of water with a straw, a vomit bowl, tissues, suction. Monitoring with ECG, blood pressure and saturation throughout…

…bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is chosen when the need…

…ICD) is warranted. The HCM Risk SCD calculator is validated to estimate the 5 year risk of SCD in patients with HCM. What is the…

…Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and…

…that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation. Therefore, alterations in heart rate…

…ECG Initial hs cTn measurement Continuous cardiac monitoring The source material does not provide a detailed list of physical examination findings or a specific examination…

…diuretic appropriate for kidney function. In patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate below 30 mL/min/1.73 m², an adequately up titrated loop…

…management of ventricular rate. However, AF causing acute haemodynamic instability requires prompt treatment, with electrical cardioversion preferred. Evaluation and risk assessment The evaluation of a…

…criteria for evaluating the success of TdP treatment or detailed step by step algorithms for alternative therapies when initial pharmacological approaches fail to suppress the…

…formerly termed Prinzmetal or variant angina, is myocardial ischaemia caused by transient abnormal vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible…

…Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and…

…Criterion Points : : Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the most likely diagnosis 3 Heart rate 100/min 1.5 Immobilisation ≥ 3…