…needed. Intubate for a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation…

…Management of acute bradycardia in the emergency setting. Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest wall movements…

…beginning of the next inspiration. Normal ETCO 2 : 38 mmHg (5 kPa) or 5%. Monitoring ETCO 2 aids in: Assessing ventilation quality. Determining ventilation rate…

…ventilation is inadequate. Monitor the saturation, respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate and a continuous ECG. Establish two intravenous cannulae where possible. Use intraosseous access…

…focus on: Blood pressure and evidence of hypotension Heart rate and tachycardia Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope…

…facility to give nebulised drugs within the circuit. Monitoring: continuous pulse oximetry, ECG, blood pressure, respiratory rate. A blood gas before starting and after about…

…not to increase the dose. Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus…

…disorientation, agitation, drowsiness or a reduced GCS Respiration A respiratory rate of at least 22/min, increased work of breathing, a new oxygen requirement, a…

…reflexes, vomiting with a risk of aspiration. Inadequate oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis…

…not exclude Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and right ventricle The cardinal echocardiographic finding A dilated inferior vena cava without respiratory variation Strongly suggests…