…reserved primarily for instability. Evaluation and physical examination Initial assessment should establish whether AF is associated with acute haemodynamic compromise, pulmonary oedema, or evidence of…

…or secondary to known cardiac conditions; in these patients, symptoms may be challenging to differentiate from normal physiological changes of pregnancy. Evaluation and Physical Examination…

…for local anaesthesia, normal saline to flush all lumens, suture material or a securement device, transparent dressing. Monitoring throughout the procedure: ECG, pulse oximetry and…

…to local practice and the guidelines of the Swedish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (SFAI), together with the antidotes. Material for immobilisation: a…

…ears and penis has been abandoned in the modern literature for commercial preparations at normal concentrations; be cautious nonetheless in known peripheral vascular disease and…

…for 60 70% of ACS presentations, plaque rupture typically occurs in thin cap fibroatheromas (TCFAs). These vulnerable plaques possess a massive necrotic lipid core and…

…or pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination maneuvers for patients with…

…presenting feature. The source material emphasizes that patients and families should be educated to recognize chest discomfort or dyspnoea as potentially indicating myocardial infarction, particularly…

…artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood. Platelets adhere, become activated, and aggregate through glycoprotein IIb/IIIa mediated fibrinogen bridging. Tissue…

…be actively implemented. Adults with blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg should receive both lifestyle and antihypertensive drug therapy. For grade 1 hypertension, pharmacological treatment has…

…a tendon injury, or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture…

…a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical histories should undergo appropriate screening for secondary hypertension…

…clinical care requires diagnostic and treatment thresholds. The 2024 European guideline defines hypertension as an office systolic blood pressure (SBP) of ≥140 mmHg or diastolic…

…for the operating theatre rather than the emergency room: a very large or deep abscess, a markedly unwell patient with fever and systemic upset, suspected…

…unit or another non intensive care setting while serial testing is completed. Diagnostic Framework The diagnostic pathway combines three principal domains: Clinical presentation and vital…

…Unna boot), or a class 2–3 compression stocking. Tape measure for ankle circumference — this governs the choice of material and bandaging technique. Procedure Assessment…

…material addresses posterior infarction primarily in the context of suspected acute coronary syndrome and acute myocardial ischaemia. Patients may present with acute chest pain or…

…pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption of the cap exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood…

…vegetations are attached to the endocardium and, accordingly, less mobile. Echocardiography is the first place method for detecting vegetation in case of suspicion of endocarditis…

…or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major contributors to maternal, fetal, and…

…and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine…

…not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics, while the biopsy shows marrow architecture and cellularity…

…available source material. Waist circumference is particularly important because intra abdominal, or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk…

…basis for intervention. The source material does not provide a distinct symptom profile, physical examination pattern or biomarker signature specific to CTOs. Evaluation and physical…

…agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The principal drugs identified in the source material are canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin…

…oil or lidocaine to kill an insect in the ear canal. A 30–60 mL syringe with a soft catheter and body temperature water for…

…with a split, loosened or avulsed nail plate, or a damaged nail fold edge Nail avulsion and inspection of the nail bed, with suture of…

…The source material does not cover specific diagnostic modalities such as ECG, imaging, or electrophysiology in relation to ACE inhibitor therapy. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings…

…daily in women or three in men, or at least four drinks for women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately…

…clinical setting, time from MI or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), ischaemic risk, bleeding risk, need for anticoagulation, and whether coronary stents are present. Clinical objectives…

…consider and exclude reversible causes, such as hypovolemia, hypoxia, tamponade, tension pneumothorax, acidosis, drug overdose, hypothermia, and hyperkalemia. For recurrent symptomatic bradycardia, temporary or permanent…

…seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, arrhythmias, thyroid disease, iron deficiency and anaemia…

…reliably exclude clinically important differences in ischemic events or stent thrombosis. Stable coronary disease and elective PCI For chronic coronary syndromes treated with elective PCI…

…rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits…

…angioplasty and bare metal stents (BMS) in response to restenosis caused principally by neointimal hyperplasia. Contemporary DES combine a metallic scaffold, a polymeric or polymer…

…ACE inhibitor or ARNI and an MRA. This recommendation is class IIa, level C. The European regulatory threshold described in the source material differs from…

…of thrombotic or atheroembolic material, but pharmacological and mechanical strategies directed specifically at reperfusion injury have not generally demonstrated sufficient clinical benefit for routine use…

…with suspected ACS are categorized into a STEMI pathway or an NSTE ACS pathway according to the initial ECG and clinical presentation. For suspected NSTE…

…absolute: patient phenotype, risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, echocardiographic findings, and left atrial size must also be considered. Patients with mPAP…

…Presentation and Symptoms The source material does not cover the baseline clinical presentation and symptoms of the arrhythmias for which sotalol is prescribed. Evaluation and…

…haematoma or double lumen Type 1 is reported in fewer than one third of cases in the pregnancy related source material. Types 2 and 3…

…It is a PCI related myocardial infarction when angiography or autopsy documents thrombosis and the diagnostic criteria used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled…

…vein suspected of thrombosis or previously thrombophlebitic. Intraosseous access (absolute, for the bone in question): A fracture of the bone to be punctured, or a…

…where the neurovascular bundle lies, and the drainage is stopped for coughing, chest pain, or when the volume limit is reached. Indications Diagnostic aspiration: a…

…The material determines how long the catheter may stay: all silicone and latex with a hydrogel or silicone elastomer coating may remain for up to…

…routine abdominal examination or incidentally on imaging performed for another indication. When palpable, an AAA may present as a pulsatile, expansile and generally nontender abdominal…

…carotid bruit is an important marker of cardiovascular risk, although the source material does not provide diagnostic sensitivity or specificity for bruit detection. Its pr

…the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD…

…for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high risk settings described in the source material…

…on the vascular territory involved and may include manifestations of coronary, cerebral or peripheral arterial disease, although the source material does not specify symptom patterns…

…risks loss of suppression. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe specific symptoms or physical manifestations of HTG. Moderate HTG is primarily…

…sharp or stabbing. Its location and radiation may reflect the segment of aorta involved, although the source material does not provide a detailed symptom to…

…an acute coronary syndrome or guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). ICA therefore has three principal roles: Defining the anatomical distribution and severity of epicardial coronary…

…heart failure, haemodynamic compromise and rhythm disturbance. The source material does not provide a specific examination profile or diagnostic physical signs for LMCAD. Diagnostic Assessment…

…acute native vessel or stent thrombosis must be excluded. Diagnostics Echocardiography TTE is the principal initial imaging method for detecting LV thrombus and assessing the…

…troponin rise, with thresholds differing for PCI and CABG; and At least one additional indicator of new myocardial ischemia or procedural coronary compromise. When preprocedural…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and clinical rationale Stable angina, or chronic chest pain attributable to suspected chronic coronary syndrome, is evaluated by estimating…

…blood pressure despite five or more medications, are not included in the European guideline definition. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material does not describe…

…looking for Kussmaul’s sign Hepatomegaly as evidence of systemic venous congestion Blood pressure and evidence of hypotension Clinical evidence of low cardiac output or…

…4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of a stent thrombosis or restenosis…