…valve leaflets (Figure 1). Rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of mitral regurgitation in low and middle income countries. Rheumatic heart disease typically results…

…disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of aortic stenosis is 75 years in high income countries. In low and middle income countries, rheumatic heart…

…In principle, all causes of pericarditis can result in constrictive pericarditis. In high income countries, idiopathic pericarditis, radiation to the pericardium and surgical interventions are…

…complex pharmacokinetics that profoundly influence its dosing strategies. The drug is slowly and incompletely absorbed after oral administration, with systemic bioavailability ranging from 25% to…

…when triglycerides are elevated, LDL C is very low, or cardiometabolic abnormalities make LDL C an incomplete representation of atherogenic burden. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms…

…difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease…

…cytotoxic drugs, parenteral nutrition. The need for several simultaneous, incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an…

…when the sinus rate is extremely low—such as less than 40 to 50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after…

…atrophy, myocardial fibrosis, calcification, vascular remodeling, altered diastolic filling, chronotropic incompetence, and impaired hemodynamic stability commonly coexist. These changes promote hypertension, ischemia, valvular abnormalities, arrhythmias…

…7]. Etiology and Mechanisms LBBB may result from lesser degrees of conduction delay within the left bundle system in the case of incomplete LBBB [7]…

…repolarization and provoke ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. The likelihood of clinically significant EMI is generally low, particularly with bipolar electrocautery performed away from the…

…possible to increase the gain. This amplifies the incoming (reflected) ultrasound waves such that each object appears whiter on the image. Increasing gain excessively results…

…increased in order to suggest ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany…

…individuals have developed a highly efficient left ventricle, capable of generating sufficient cardiac output at low heart rates. During vasovagal syncope (e.g during intense…

…patient must have rested lying down for at least 10 minutes in a room at a comfortable temperature — a cold foot gives falsely low pressures…

Cardiology Definition and pathophysiology Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing…

…hypertension Pulse pressure 40–60 mmHg A narrow pulse pressure suggests a low stroke volume Capillary refill < 3 s A simple and validated marker…

…morphology, which replaces the sharp negative S wave seen in the low risk beat — the previously undescribed biomarker identified by the deep learning model. Predicting…

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

…Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess…

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

…left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely…

…recovery. A patient who stops at a low workload with a fall in blood pressure is a high risk patient even with normal ST segments…

…damage. Conversely, a rapid rise in blood pressure from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute…

…part of the initial stroke assessment [1]. Treat immediately when there are symptoms and a low glucose. Do not wait for the venous laboratory result…

…halve before the creatinine leaves the reference range, because the relationship is hyperbolic. In people with a low muscle mass — the elderly, the undernourished, amputees…

…The quality of the test determines its entire value: a poorly performed manoeuvre gives a falsely low FVC and thus a falsely normal FEV₁/FVC…

…in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as a quick, low cost, and reliable screening tool for body composition, risk of…

…risk in women based solely on gender. This aims to prevent unnecessary anticoagulation in low risk female patients, thereby reducing the potential for bleeding complications…

…of cholesterol delivered to the liver. The resulting hepatic response includes increased expression of low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs), which enhances removal of circulating LDL…

…PCSK9 synthesis decreases circulating PCSK9, increases the availability of hepatic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) receptors at the cell surface, and thereby enhances removal…

…and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary…

…SGLT2 is a high capacity, low affinity transporter situated in the S1 and S2 segments of the renal proximal tubule. It accounts for approximately 90…

…and appear brighter on the image. Structures with low echogenicity reflect less ultrasound and become darker in the image. Acoustic shadowing Some structures have very…

…shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed to treat (NNT), indicating high effectiveness. Although BLS is…

…symptoms suggestive of CAD. SPECT imaging is recommended as the initial study in patients with low to moderate risk of CAD. In patients with a…

…fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes). ECG 4 . Ventricular fibrillation. ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation, fine (low amplitudes). ECG 6 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse. ECG 7 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse…

…CPR) should be performed per standard guidelines. Cardiac arrests due to trauma are characterized by very low survival rates. In the nationwide Swedish Registry for…

…hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention, reduced consciousness, or when NIV is…

…develops over hours to days [1,2]. Six steps Step Question Practical interpretation : : : 1 Is the pH low or high? pH <7.35 is acidaemia…

…by contrast, is not a contraindication; the specimen may be taken even at very low platelet counts, followed by compression. Infection in the skin overlying…

…hours Prednisolone 5 mg Moderate Intermediate, 12–36 hours Methylprednisolone 4 mg Low Intermediate Betamethasone 0.6 mg None Long, 36–54 hours Dexamethasone 0…

…V1 Terminal negative component 1 mm × 40 ms Left atrial enlargement Low voltage QRS < 5 mm in the limb leads or < 10 mm…

…Atrial flutter, which often converts at low energy and is difficult to terminate pharmacologically. Ectopic atrial tachycardia or SVT that has not been terminated by…

…available. Do not then try "by feel" — refer to ENT. Relative — a low threshold for referral: Marked swelling or inflammation around the object. A small…

…adrenaline in anaphylaxis, ceftriaxone, ferric carboxymaltose Rapid, 10–20 min Subcutaneous (SC) Insulin, low molecular weight heparin, GLP 1 analogues, methotrexate, biological agents, adrenaline (second…

…high dose Adrenaline, low dose Dopamine, intermediate dose Isoproterenol Dopamine, low dose Dobutamine Levosimendan Amrinone Milrinone Nitroglycerin Nitroprusside Figure 1. The approximate position of each…

…per 2 h is a reasonable target ScvO₂ 70–80 % A low value suggests inadequate oxygen delivery Capillary refill < 3 s Equivalent to lactate…

…ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures in a fasted patient at low risk of aspiration. A conduit for fibreoptically assisted…

…cannot be established with spirometry alone, but is suspected when the FVC is low with a normal or high ratio. Reversibility: an increase in FEV₁…

…above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low voltage on the ECG, electrical alternans Supportive…

…miss a posterior dislocation. The exceptions are an obvious recurrent dislocation in a patient with known instability and a low energy mechanism, and a neurovascularly…

…who have low BSA or severe extra aortic features 45 mm • Patients who are undergoing aortic valve surgery • Patients with Marfan syndrome who have additional…

…Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin derivatives or heparin—except low dose heparin). Patients with gastrointestinal disorders…

…Hypertension: History of hypertension (1 point) Score 1 year risk of bleeding Low risk 0 3 0.8% Intermediate risk 4 2.6% High risk…

…decisions on anticoagulation Men Women Points Recommendation Evidence Recommendation Evidence 0 No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is…

…Interpretation of HAS BLED score A score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score of 2 suggests moderate risk A score of 3 or…

…Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient years) 0 Low 1.9 1 Low 2.5 2 Intermediate 5.3 3 Intermediate 8.4 4…

…IM: (1:1000): 0.1 to 0.5 mg (max 1 mg) Safe for peripheral use +++++ ++++ +++ N/A Beta effect more pronounced at low doses…

…1. Assess Prior Treatment • No prior treatment, low dose, or low intensity lipid lowering therapy: • Start high potency, high dose statin therapy (Class I recommendation)…