Procedurer The insertion itself is rarely the difficult part — it is the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced…

…pressures, for example severe ARDS, marked obesity or a stiff chest wall. Glottic or subglottic obstruction — the mask sits above the obstruction and solves nothing…

…a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation, chest movement and a blood gas…

…Injection of contrast media into the ventricle will instead reveal that the apical portion of the left ventricle is dilated (hence the term apical ballooning…

…is the standard site for both aspiration and biopsy in adults. Here the posterior part of the iliac crest is thick, red marrow is abundant…

…the upper border of the rib, never at the lower border where the neurovascular bundle lies, and the drainage is stopped for coughing, chest pain…

…oxygen Severe impairment of gas exchange Hypotension, cool peripheries or rising lactate Circulatory compromise or an alternative diagnosis Silent or nearly silent chest Very severe…

…Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations, gunshot wounds) Asthmatic episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung…

…working, and the commonest source of error is believing that it is. Twitching of the chest muscles and spikes on the screen mean nothing. Capture…

…the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of the skin over the puncture site. Marked haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. CT before…