…Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before…

…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a clinical disorder caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs…

…output can change before creatinine but is not a pure marker of filtration. Oliguria may be due to hypovolaemia, shock, obstruction or advanced renal injury…

…myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of…

…of avascular necrosis of the femoral head and of vascular injury; always an orthopaedic surgeon, and usually general anaesthesia. An open dislocation. Inadequate analgesia or…

…emergency or urgent procedures, chronic kidney disease, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, and cardiogenic shock. Patient related and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse…

…which involves the arch without involvement of the ascending aorta or represents retrograde extension from the descending aorta into the arch that stops before reaching…

…be obtained or become abnormal, in the presence of symptoms suggestive of ischaemia and presumed new ischaemic ECG changes. The distinction between myocardial injury and…

…reperfusion injury are complementary objectives of initial STEMI management. The principal acute complications fall into two broad categories: Electrical complications , particularly ventricular arrhythmias. Mechanical or…

…to tubular injury, making attribution to contrast alone difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very…

…al, JAMA Cardiology (2020). Guo et al reported that 27.8% (52 of 187 patients) had myocardial injury, defined as elevated troponin T levels (TnT)…

…fall of cTn values. However, myocardial injury alone is an entity in itself and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac conditions (such as myocarditis) or…

…4 to 10 minutes Compressions and ventilation, followed by defibrillation Metabolic phase 10 minutes Unknown Table 1 . The 3 phase model of sudden cardiac arrest…

…ROSC or initiation of ECMO. The syndrome was first described by Negovsky , who identified four processes that defined the victim's outcome: Neurological injury Myocardial…

…a glass injury: consider radiography, since glass is usually visible on plain films. Irrigation fluid: a copious volume of drinking quality tap water or sodium…

…population primarily consisting of individuals with CKD, limiting its accuracy when applied to healthy populations or those with acute kidney injury. Influence of Muscle Mass…

…ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury…

…volume of air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or halting venous return to the heart. In instances of…

…the stroma or deeper. The absence of a slit lamp — the cornea should not be instrumented without magnification. With a suspected chemical injury the priorities…

…ABCDE assessment and document the time of seizure onset, or the time the patient was last known to be well. Protect the patient from injury…

…at the same time reduces the passage of salicylate into the central nervous system. Contact your national or regional poison control centre for advice on…

…Unstable cervical spine injury, recent cervical spine surgery, atlantoaxial instability, severe rheumatoid arthritis of the neck. Symptomatic carotid stenosis, recent stroke or TIA in the…

…anuria, in a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury, in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia…

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

…The clinical manifestation of bradycardia depends on the adequacy of cardiac output. Isolated sinus bradycardia that is unaccompanied by hypotension or ventricular ectopy is generally…

…together promote left ventricular hypertrophy and kidney injury. The syndrome is therefore both a clinical risk factor cluster and a marker of broader metabolic dysfunction…

…without proteinuria when clinical symptoms or laboratory abnormalities indicate end organ injury. Eclampsia is the occurrence of new onset seizures or coma in a pregnant…

…myocardial ischaemia, though abnormal cardiac troponin (cTn) values in the setting of acute or chronic heart failure are often better categorised as myocardial injury. Clinical…

…severe cases, there can be a rupture of the atria or ventricles. Myocardial infarction : The contusion can cause coronary artery dissection, atherothrombosis or rupture, resulting…

…fracture or a marked midfacial fracture — the tube can pass through a fracture in the cribriform plate into the cranium Absolute Corrosive injury of the…

…acute aortic dissection, thrombosis of a graft or aneurysm, popliteal artery entrapment, trauma, phlegmasia cerulea dolens, ergotism, hypercoagulable states or iatrogenic vascular injury. Acute occlusion…

…Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture…

…of myocardial infarction injury involves the overlapping of vulnerable plaque and thrombogenic blood, which are critical determinants for infarction occurrence and extension. Plaque rupture or…

…heparin unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45° Stress ulcer prophylaxis During mechanical ventilation, in coagulopathy, or with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding Refeeding…

…status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury. This classification is central to determining the intensity of monitoring, supportive treatment, anticoagulation…

…diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral interstitial edema…

…mediated. Pericardial injury, necrosis, bleeding, or pleural incision may expose cardiac antigens and initiate an inflammatory response. The presence of antibodies directed against cardiac tissue…

…Troponin is a protein complex expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The complex consists of troponin I (TnI) , troponin C (TnC) and troponin T (TnT…

…not on a single threshold value. The combination of physiology, rate of bleeding, the pattern of injury or disease, the response to initial treatment and…

…and Pathophysiology Posterior myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis involving the posterior region of the left ventricle, usually as part of an inferoposterior or posterolateral infarction…

…ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non…

…liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome, haemolysis The R value = (ALT / upper limit of normal…

…Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial ischaemia without demonstrable acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

…with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease…

…Stent implantation Manipulation of friable SVG lesions Embolic debris obstructs the distal microcirculation and may be accompanied by microvascular constriction and endothelial or myocardial injury…

…UA) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized by myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion, without evidence of acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

…by the gradual accumulation of inert cholesterol debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic, immune mediated fibroproliferative response to endothelial injury [2]…

…marker of myocardial injury, not a disease specific marker of myocardial infarction (MI). MI requires both: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rising and/or…

…early mortality is usually related to the extent of myocardial injury and its complications—shock, reinfarction, myocardial rupture, and ventricular tachyarrhythmia—rather than embolization itself…

…therefore appropriate. Drug interactions are particularly important. Inhibition of cytochrome P 450 3A4 or 2C9 can increase statin concentrations. Relevant interacting agents include amiodarone, macrolide…

…myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic…

…ligament injury, a tendon injury, or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a…

…of treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient with severe brain injury in whom total brain infarction is judged possible during ongoing ventilation…

…coronary syndrome, acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary oedema, acute aortic syndrome, acute kidney injury, microangiopathic haemolysis, and severe pre eclampsia or eclampsia. The blood…

…particularly with pethidine. Caution: untreated sleep apnoea, a concurrent benzodiazepine or gabapentinoid, marked hypovolaemia, head injury with impaired consciousness, biliary tract disease. There is no…

…canal stenosis or exostoses Narrow and hard to reach Ongoing otitis externa Pain, spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation…

…mask Venturi mask 2–15 L/min depending on the valve 24, 28, 31, 35, 40 or 50 % Gives a fixed, known FiO2 independently of…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…unstable coronary artery disease, or stable angina pectoris): 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular disease: 75–80 mg tablet once…

…management of an acute illness. The clinical relationship between AF and acute deterioration is often bidirectional. AF with a rapid ventricular response may precipitate or…