…Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before…

…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a clinical disorder caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs…

…output can change before creatinine but is not a pure marker of filtration. Oliguria may be due to hypovolaemia, shock, obstruction or advanced renal injury…

…myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of…

…of avascular necrosis of the femoral head and of vascular injury; always an orthopaedic surgeon, and usually general anaesthesia. An open dislocation. Inadequate analgesia or…

…emergency or urgent procedures, chronic kidney disease, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, and cardiogenic shock. Patient related and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse…

…which involves the arch without involvement of the ascending aorta or represents retrograde extension from the descending aorta into the arch that stops before reaching…

…be obtained or become abnormal, in the presence of symptoms suggestive of ischaemia and presumed new ischaemic ECG changes. The distinction between myocardial injury and…

…reperfusion injury are complementary objectives of initial STEMI management. The principal acute complications fall into two broad categories: Electrical complications , particularly ventricular arrhythmias. Mechanical or…

…to tubular injury, making attribution to contrast alone difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very…