…never happens, and to make sure the catheter does not become the patient's next focus of infection. Indications Infusion of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Intravascular imaging comprises catheter based techniques that directly visualize the coronary lumen, vessel wall, plaque, thrombus, and implanted…

…ischaemia may occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction. In patients with anginal symptoms and unobstructed or non obstructive coronary arteries, possible mechanisms include…

…contrast media are injected selectively into the epicardial coronary arteries through a catheter advanced from a peripheral artery to the aortic root and coronary ostia…

…Afterload : Afterload is the resistance that the the ventricle must overcome to pump blood out into the pulmonary artery. Resistance may increase in, for example…

…drawstring, absorbable alternatives (oxidised cellulose, a gelatin–thrombin matrix), a balloon catheter, or petroleum jelly impregnated ribbon gauze. Antibiotic ointment (for example mupirocin or bacitracin)…

…and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes…

…are introduced, although the effect on 24 hour mortality is uncertain and the evidence for non traumatic bleeding is weaker [2,3,4]. Do the…

…dose are according to the local protocol. Alternatives when there is a contraindication: catheter directed treatment or surgical embolectomy where available. A vasopressor (noradrenaline) and…

…stricture Relative Acute prostatitis or urethritis Relative Latex allergy (choose an all silicone catheter) Where urethral injury is suspected, no urethral catheter may be passed…

…nonselective β blocker patients) Prolonged use may be cardiotoxic. Epinephrine Shock (any) Cardiac arrest Bronchospasm Anaphylaxis Bradycardia (second line alternative) Infusion : 0.01 to 0…

…first cellular abnormalities of ischaemia include depletion of glycogen, relaxation of myofibrils, and disruption of the sarcolemma. These changes may appear within 10–15 minutes…

…Additional pharmacological options include quinidine, ranolazine, and procainamide [4]. Catheter Ablation : Catheter ablation may be employed as an interventional alternative to suppress the arrhythmia [4…

…Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations, gunshot wounds) Asthmatic episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung…

…surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition to the malformation, these subjects frequently develop associated complications, which may require specific treatments. Such complications include heart…

…exceptions. Prior to the Doppler era, hemodynamic assessments were performed by means of right heart catheterization (with Swan Ganz catheter [ pulmonary artery catheter ]). However, hemodynamic…

…nonselective β blocker patients) Prolonged use may be cardiotoxic. Epinephrine Shock (any) Cardiac arrest Bronchospasm Anaphylaxis Bradycardia (second line alternative) Infusion : 0.01 to 0…

…PiCCO, central venous catheter). The hemodynamic effects persist for 7–10 days after the end of infusion. Refer to Table 2 for a comparison between…

…trials, the field has transitioned from a predominantly pharmacological strategy to one that heavily integrates early catheter ablation and sophisticated device therapy [1] [2] . This…

…metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia…

…Suction with Frazier tips of various sizes. A balloon catheter (a 5–6 Fr Fogarty or a Katz extractor). A local anaesthetic with a vasoconstrictor…

…release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric emptying is delayed — may justify charcoal later, in some cases up to 6 hours or more. Discuss…

…direct instillation into the lung. No tube may be used before its position has been verified by an approved method, and auscultation is not such…

…ear discharge or pain on contact with water. A history of ear surgery in which the middle ear may be open (a mastoid cavity, mastoidectomy)…

…the INR does not predict bleeding risk in paracentesis. Follow the local protocol Ileus with distended bowel loops Ultrasound guidance mandatory; choose another site Scars…

…tamponade — not on how wide the rim of fluid looks. With ultrasound guidance, the point at which the fluid lies most superficially is chosen and…

… ultrasound guidance is mandatory) Relative A very small or loculated effusion — consider image guided puncture in the radiology department The thresholds for the INR and…

…MAP remains below 65 mmHg or the hypotension is marked. Do not wait for a central venous catheter Continuously Reassess the mental state, capillary refill…

…hours versus 37 °C, with a non shockable initial rhythm More patients with a good neurological outcome (CPC 1–2) at 90 days, 10.2 …

…where the pads would go. Transvenous pacing: the relative contraindications are the same as for a central venous catheter — coagulopathy, infection at the puncture site…

…a central venous catheter for longer treatment. Sodium bicarbonate 50 mg/mL (corresponding to 0.6 mmol sodium bicarbonate per mL) for bolus and infusion…

…Patients may obtain relief by sitting forward. Other symptoms depend on the extent of reduction in cardiac output and arterial pressure and may include: Chest…

…arrest The severity may be disproportionate to the angiographic appearance of the treated epicardial artery, because the defining abnormality is inadequate distal perfusion in the…

…IC, or III antiarrhythmic agents may be considered. Catheter ablation should be considered in patients with a high risk of recurrence. Electrical cardioversion is generally…

…The leading causes of cardiac tamponade culminating in cardiac arrest include: Aortic dissection : The proximal 4 5 cm of the aortic root is covered within…