…thrombus, and implanted stents. The principal modalities used in the catheterization laboratory are intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Unlike coronary angiography, which…

…Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) provide cross sectional information about plaque morphology and may clarify the mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome…

…renal failure or simply deterioration. The procedure itself is straightforward: ultrasound to find the fluid, an insertion site in the left lower quadrant lateral to…

…control: automated surface cooling with gel pads or a blanket, or alternatively an intravascular cooling catheter . Both are controlled by feedback from the core temperature…

…outcome of a central venous catheter insertion is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of ultrasound throughout the puncture…

…contrast media are injected selectively into the epicardial coronary arteries through a catheter advanced from a peripheral artery to the aortic root and coronary ostia…

…in investigating right ventricular load. Pressure in the right atrium (right atrial pressure) With the PA catheter (Swan Ganz catheter), the right atrial pressure can…

…drawstring, absorbable alternatives (oxidised cellulose, a gelatin–thrombin matrix), a balloon catheter, or petroleum jelly impregnated ribbon gauze. Antibiotic ointment (for example mupirocin or bacitracin)…

…and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes…

…access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of the bleeding in order to obtain a central venous catheter. 4. Take…

…dose are according to the local protocol. Alternatives when there is a contraindication: catheter directed treatment or surgical embolectomy where available. A vasopressor (noradrenaline) and…

…longer procedures and with epidural anaesthesia. Bladder washout and continuous irrigation in macroscopic haematuria with clots (a three way catheter). Instillation therapy and contrast studies…

…Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and…

…such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish…

…However, the context indicates that if pharmacological therapy is inadequate, escalation to catheter ablation or mechanical circulatory support remains a viable therapeutic pathway [4]. Furthermore…

…episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung pathologies In cases of benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension…

…the most severe malformations have become routine practice. The treatment repertoire includes surgery, catheter interventions, and medical therapies. Adults with congenital heart disease are mostly…

Echocardiography Calculation of hemodynamic parameters by ultrasound Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow dynamics. The physical laws that govern blood flow are fundamental in…

…Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and…

…arterial line, PiCCO, central venous catheter). The hemodynamic effects persist for 7–10 days after the end of infusion. Refer to Table 2 for a…

…trials, the field has transitioned from a predominantly pharmacological strategy to one that heavily integrates early catheter ablation and sophisticated device therapy [1] [2] . This…

…should be avoided — the collaterals are poor and the median nerve lies close by. Preparation and equipment Arterial catheter, usually 20 G in an adult…

…Suction with Frazier tips of various sizes. A balloon catheter (a 5–6 Fr Fogarty or a Katz extractor). A local anaesthetic with a vasoconstrictor…

…patient — charcoal stains everything black. For administration by tube: a gastric tube and a 50–60 mL catheter syringe, and equipment for confirming the position…

…local anaesthetic, and a decongestant nasal spray if the nasal passage is narrow. A 50–60 mL catheter syringe, a collection bag or suction, and…

…the most light and the best view. Irrigation: a 30–60 mL syringe with a soft irrigation catheter, or an electric ear irrigator with pressure…

…tamponade — not on how wide the rim of fluid looks. With ultrasound guidance, the point at which the fluid lies most superficially is chosen and…

…Bedside ultrasound immediately before the puncture markedly reduces the risk of pneumothorax and is now the standard — puncture on the basis of percussion and a…

…MAP remains below 65 mmHg or the hypotension is marked. Do not wait for a central venous catheter Continuously Reassess the mental state, capillary refill…

…where the pads would go. Transvenous pacing: the relative contraindications are the same as for a central venous catheter — coagulopathy, infection at the puncture site…

…Preparation and equipment Two peripheral venous cannulas, or a central venous catheter for longer treatment. Sodium bicarbonate 50 mg/mL (corresponding to 0.6 mmol…

…free wall rupture after infarction Anticoagulant associated bleeding Renal failure Systemic inflammatory disease Catheter based electrophysiological and structural cardiac procedures In patients with acute pericarditis…

…the true lumen and cause ischemia. Guiding catheter trauma is an additional mechanism of dissection and impaired distal flow. These alternative causes must be distinguished…

…III antiarrhythmic agents may be considered. Catheter ablation should be considered in patients with a high risk of recurrence. Electrical cardioversion is generally ineffective in…

…does not ensure complete drainage of the pericardium, and needles or catheters are at risk of bending or damage during chest compressions. References DeBehnke DJ…