…Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central…

…tissue prolapse, thrombus, or other acute complications; investigation of restenosis and stent thrombosis. Intravascular imaging may also clarify the mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome…

…injection under fluoroscopy. The procedure is performed by advancing guidewires and diagnostic catheters from a percutaneous arterial access site to the aortic root, engaging the…

…in the general sense; the decision depends on balancing the expected diagnostic or therapeutic benefit against the patient’s specific procedural risks. Vascular access and…

…the presence of right ventricular load. This condition implies that the right ventricle is pressure and/or volume loaded. The load itself leads to impaired…

…oxidised cellulose, a gelatin–thrombin matrix), a balloon catheter, or petroleum jelly impregnated ribbon gauze. Antibiotic ointment (for example mupirocin or bacitracin), saline, and an…

…the intensive care or coronary care unit, and the operating theatre. Careful electrocardiographic and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial…

…the pattern of injury or disease, the response to initial treatment and the expected continued bleeding matters more than an exact estimate of blood loss…

…dose are according to the local protocol. Alternatives when there is a contraindication: catheter directed treatment or surgical embolectomy where available. A vasopressor (noradrenaline) and…

…rather than an indwelling catheter. A catheter is not, however, indicated for incontinence as the sole reason, for convenience where the workload is heavy, or…

…ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is…

…Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease, such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation…

…However, the context indicates that if pharmacological therapy is inadequate, escalation to catheter ablation or mechanical circulatory support remains a viable therapeutic pathway [4]. Furthermore…

…inserted into the 4th or 5th intercostal space along the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due…

…and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition to…

…moving towards the sound source, will be reflected with higher frequency than the sound waves emitted from the sound source. Sound waves that hit an…

…ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is…

…and thus the selection between them may be guided by individual patient needs rather than by a distinct advantage of one drug over the other…

…trials, the field has transitioned from a predominantly pharmacological strategy to one that heavily integrates early catheter ablation and sophisticated device therapy [1] [2] . This…

…be confused with a venous access. Indications Continuous blood pressure monitoring in haemodynamic instability or during ongoing vasoactive treatment. Conditions in which blood pressure must…

…Suction with Frazier tips of various sizes. A balloon catheter (a 5–6 Fr Fogarty or a Katz extractor). A local anaesthetic with a vasoconstrictor…

…catheter syringe, and equipment for confirming the position. For gastric lavage: a wide bore orogastric tube (Ch 28–32 in an adult), a funnel or…

…and a decongestant nasal spray if the nasal passage is narrow. A 50–60 mL catheter syringe, a collection bag or suction, and a clamp…

…below the ear. 4. Insert the catheter tip no more than 0.5 cm into the ear canal, not beyond the hair bearing skin. 5…

…layers. Diagnostic tap: 21–22 G needle, 20 mL and 50 mL syringes. Therapeutic drainage: a commercial paracentesis set or a catheter over needle, 16…

…pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment :…

…liver, spleen or internal thoracic artery increases. For diagnostic aspiration the point chosen is instead where the ultrasound shows the most fluid, usually in the…

…if the MAP remains below 65 mmHg or the hypotension is marked. Do not wait for a central venous catheter Continuously Reassess the mental state…

…miss the fever. Equipment for temperature control: automated surface cooling with gel pads or a blanket, or alternatively an intravascular cooling catheter . Both are controlled…

…burns or wounds in the area where the pads would go. Transvenous pacing: the relative contraindications are the same as for a central venous catheter…

…oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic alkalosis or an…

…inflammatory disease Catheter based electrophysiological and structural cardiac procedures In patients with acute pericarditis, tamponade is uncommon when the cause is viral or idiopathic but…

…coronary dissection that extends into the media or adventitia can compromise the true lumen and cause ischemia. Guiding catheter trauma is an additional mechanism of…

…IC, or III antiarrhythmic agents may be considered. Catheter ablation should be considered in patients with a high risk of recurrence. Electrical cardioversion is generally…

…effective than thoracotomy. This is because it does not ensure complete drainage of the pericardium, and needles or catheters are at risk of bending or…