…A child's ECG changes continuously with age: the heart rate, the electrical axis and the waveform in the newborn differ markedly from adult reference…

…even the youngest) can be distracted by a parent or other personnel. Distracting the child during ECG recording may be recommended to reduce muscle disturbances…

…therapy and Opioid therapy in severe pain. Cardiac arrest Drug Adult Child : : : Adrenaline 1 mg IV/IO every 3–5 min. In asystole and PEA…

…in adult TTE are obtained with the patient in the supine position. In order to obtain the best possible image quality, patient safety and ergonomics…

…attack (TIA). Severely impaired liver function classified as Child Pugh Class C. Dosage Adults Initial dose : A single loading dose of 60 mg. Maintenance dose…

…pulse oximetry and blood pressure at short intervals. Tube size and depth Patient Internal diameter (mm) Depth at the teeth (cm) : : : Adult woman 7.0…

…they are present. 2. Straighten the ear canal : pull the pinna upwards and backwards in adults, downwards and backwards in small children. 3. Rest your…

…already made and failed elsewhere. A child who cannot be kept still without sedation. Suspected tympanic membrane perforation. Irrigation is contraindicated in: suspected perforated tympanic…

…atrial rate (beats/min)? P waves should precede every QRS complex and the P wave should be positive in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm …

[calc_qtc] 1 – 15 years, male and female Adult, male Adult, female Normal <440 ms <430 ms <450 ms Upper limit 440–460 ms 430…

…added: transfusion saves no one whose bleeding is not stopped, and it is the time to haemorrhage control that determines the outcome. Indications Symptomatic anaemia…

…due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its routine use in adult patients is generally discouraged. However…

…arrest. Within the context of pregnancy, hypovolemia and other etiologies of hypotension remain the predominant causes of cardiac arrest. Should cardiac arrest occur postpartum, hemorrhage…

…Age 75 years Start at half the adult dose and lengthen the interval Liver failure A reduced dose and a longer interval for all opioids…

…in approximately 0.5–12% of angiographic series and up to 5–75% of CT series; other angiographic descriptions report rates of approximately 5–10…

…more difficult and causes vomiting Medicinal charcoal Petroleum products — vomiting with chemical pneumonitis as a consequence Medicinal charcoal Bowel obstruction, ileus or suspected perforation Gastric…

…When in doubt between two sizes in an adult: choose the larger , since a mask that is too small leaks and gives a poorer seal…

…to 1.0 or higher in an adult trauma patient suggests significant hypovolaemia and an increased transfusion requirement. Pregnancy, medication and arrhythmia affect its interpretation…

…Cardiac arrest—the science and practice of resuscitation medicine. Kitamura T, Kiyohara K, Sakai T, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…same as in adults. These age variations in heart rate are due to variations in the activity of the autonomic nervous system and changes in…

…oxygen, and the ability to lay the patient down. Injection Needle Angle Maximum volume per site : : : : Deltoid, adult 23–25 G, 25 mm 90° 1…

Cardiology Clinical chemistry & laboratory medicine Definition and structure Lipoprotein(a), abbreviated Lp(a), is an LDL like circulating lipoprotein particle. It contains one molecule of…

…s formula over adjusts at higher heart rates and under adjusts at lower heart rates. 1 to 15 years, male and female Adult, male Adult…

…cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within…

…Cardiac arrest—the science and practice of resuscitation medicine. Kitamura T, Kiyohara K, Sakai T, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital…

…should be avoided — the collaterals are poor and the median nerve lies close by. Preparation and equipment Arterial catheter, usually 20 G in an adult…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…with suspected CHD. Echocardiography provides detailed morphological and functional information. The vast majority of cases can be characterized by echocardiography. In comparison with adult subjects…

…often necessary to normalize blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of other cardiovascular risk factors and coexisting conditions. Therapy must be tailored to…

…failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given for the pain, but the effect on the…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…Furthermore, RAD is frequently observed in adult patients with severe pulmonary stenosis, alongside right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and right atrial enlargement [8]. RAD is present…

…index 15–19 kg/m² 17–22 kg/m² Ideal and dosing weight Drug dosing often requires a weight other than the actual body weight…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…Poisoning with other weak acids where the poison control centre recommends it, for example certain phenoxy acid herbicides (2,4 D, MCPA) and methotrexate overdose…

…seconds. Case reports have indicated that the risk of high degree AV block and ventricular arrhythmias is greater in patients on digoxin or verapamil, although…

…cardiac arrest–particularly during physical activity–in a young adult with T wave inversions in V1–V4, or other ECG changes (see below) should lead…

…impaired autonomic compensation limits tolerability. Evidence Base and Its Limitations Few adults aged 85 years or older have been included in randomized controlled trials. Moreover…

Infektionssjukdomar Akutsjukvård Lathundar Purpose and scope A quick reference for the doctor on call faced with suspected sepsis in adults: rapid recognition, microbiological sampling, empirical…

Akutsjukvård Psykiatri Lathundar Delirium in older adults: quick reference A quick reference for ward and on call physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work…

…electrolyte concentrations and level of care. This quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises the order in which measures are taken and the…

…There are however other disorders that may bring about similar ECG changes, and these are as follows: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVC/ARVD) – ARVC…

…and death may be two to six fold higher in affected adults. True, apparent, and pseudo resistant hypertension The term resistant hypertension should be reserved…

…and young adults with congenital heart disease. Initiation Strategies Because of its ability to significantly prolong the QT interval and cause torsades de pointes or…

… Which drugs, and how many doses, has the patient taken? Is the patient on an inhaled corticosteroid or other anti inflammatory treatment? Previous intensive care…

…aspiration and biopsy in adults. Here the posterior part of the iliac crest is thick, red marrow is abundant, and the distance to vessels and…

…junctional tachycardia. These tachyarrhythmias arise in the atria and are very rarely life threatening. Causes of tachyarrhythmia with wide QRS complexes (QRS duration ≥ 0.12…

…is particularly relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant…

…adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and…

…but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal T wave in adults is positive in most precordial and limb leads. The T wave amplitude is…

…non chest pain manifestations are reported more frequently in females, older adults and people with diabetes. Ischaemic heart disease may also present without prominent discomfort…

…In adults with elevated blood pressure, nonpharmacological management should be actively implemented. Adults with blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg should receive both lifestyle and antihypertensive…

…diagnosed or strongly suspected; symptoms of ischaemia began within 12 hours; timely PPCI cannot be achieved within 120 minutes of diagnosis; and there are no…

…adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external jugular vein are the vessels that can most often still be punctured — and…

…2015): Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging…

…suspected. Selected asymptomatic individuals in whom coronary disease is detected incidentally or during cardiovascular risk assessment. The mechanisms overlap clinically. Microvascular angina, vasospastic angina, and…

…blood pool, and vascular structures is limited. CCTA has become an important first line investigation for selected patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly…

…1, formerly termed glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism, and other familial forms associated with adrenal adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. A family history is therefore important, particularly…