…ruler in the image. A reduction in size of 40% within four weeks predicts healing — failure to shrink should prompt reconsideration of the diagnosis. 3…

…sparingly Prepatellar and olecranon bursitis The bursa Exclude septic bursitis first Injection is considered when 4–6 weeks of adequate conservative treatment — modification of loading…

…in the past three weeks, even before a blood count is available. The nadir often occurs 7 to 14 days after a course of chemotherapy…

…and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal radiograph. Contraindications An open fracture or a wound…

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL…

…area according to the continuity equation (cm²) ≤ 1 cm² ZTime velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow (cm) 60 cm Pressure half time (T ½,ms…

…perioperative hypertension). Mechanism of action • Relatively cardioselective (beta 1 receptor blocker) beta blocker with ultra short acting effect. • Half life: 9 minutes. Effects • Esmolol is…

…cm 2.7–3.8 3.9–4.2 4.3–4.6 4.7 3.0–4.0 4.1–4.6 4.7…

…cm 1.5–2.1 2.2–2.5 2.6–2.9 3.0 RV SIZE AND FUNCTION (MEASURED IN A4C) RV diastolic area…

…A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct…

…RNA (siRNA) designed to reduce production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). It acts through degradation of the messenger RNA encoding PCSK9 within…

…fibrillation (VF). ECG 6 . Delivery of shock, followed by asystole. ECG 7 . Asystole after shock. ECG 8 . Recurrence of supraventricular rhythm. ECG 9 . Supraventricular rhythm.

…Reassess speech, work of breathing, level of consciousness and air entry repeatedly. 9. Measure PEF or FEV1 if the patient can manage it without delaying…

…3.0–4.0 cm² Grading of aortic stenosis: mild, peak velocity 2.6–2.9 m/s; moderate, 3.0–3.9 m/s…

…to adults in sinus rhythm, recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10 mm. At 50 mm/s a…

…indexed Aortic annulus 20 31 mm 12 14 mm/m2 Sinuses of Valsalva 29 45 mm 15 20 mm/m2 Sinotubular junction 22 36 mm…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency overview Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour…

…Method of interpretation Heart rate Heart rhythm The P wave The PR interval The QRS complex The ST segment The T wave The U wave…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…1.1 70 12.7 ± 1.2 12.2 ± 1.3 All 11.9 ± 1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters…

…18.5 Normal weight : 18.5 to 24.9 Overweight : 25 to 29.9 Obese : 30 and above Limitations of BMI Despite its widespread use…

…D rugs/alcohol concomitantly Each component is assigned 1 point, with a maximum score of 9. The score takes into account various risk factors that…

…1.9 1 Low 2.5 2 Intermediate 5.3 3 Intermediate 8.4 4 High 10.4 ≥5 High 12.3 Interpretation of HEMORR₂HAGES…

…cm 0.6–0.9 1.0–1.2 1.3–1.5 1.6 0.6–1.0 1.1–1.3 1.4…

…98 (54) 8–100 (55) 7–104 (55) 10–140 (66) 9–115 (61) 11–133 (58) 15 – 110 QRS duration 21–76 22–67…

…5% 5,0% 12,2% 5 5,6% 8,5% 14,3% 6 7 6,5% 15,8% 20,9% Interpretation of TIMI Risk Score…

…levels, as compared with 8.9% among patients with normal TnT levels. Increased risk of death was noted among all patients with elevated troponin levels…

…In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2. Severe obesity is generally defined as BMI ≥35…

…Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale RATING LEVEL OF EXERTION COMMENT 6 No exertion at all 7 7.5 Extremely light exertion 8 9 Very…

…98 (54) 8–100 (55) 7–104 (55) 10–140 (66) 9–115 (61) 11–133 (58) 15 – 110 QRS duration 21–76 22–67…

…STEMI Example 9 STEMI Example 10 STEMI Example 11 STEMI Example 12 ECG examples of acute STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction). Overview of management Click…

…ECG 9 . Delivery of shock (red arrow), with subsequent asystole. ECG 10 . Recurrence of supraventricular complexes (red arrows). ECG 11 . Relapse of VF and new…

…somewhere that makes incision in the emergency department the wrong move — in the hand, in the medial triangle of the face or perianally. Indications Fluctuant…

…hypoxia and any other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded. 10…

…done without losing time. 7. Perform urgent CT of the brain and CT angiography from the aortic arch to the vertex. 8. Contact the thrombectomy…

…conceal sarcopenia), in oedema and ascites, and in people under 18 years of age, where iso BMI or percentile charts should be used. Waist circumference…

…and screen and the serological crossmatch have a limited period of validity — usually about five days — because new antibodies can form after transfusion or pregnancy…

Referensvärden Reference ranges are statistical: by definition they encompass 95 % of a healthy reference population, which means that one healthy value in twenty falls outside…

…often below 13.9 mmol/L. The condition occurs above all in: treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors pregnancy prolonged fasting or a very low carbohydrate intake…

…Plasma potassium Management : : : Mild 5.5 to 5.9 mmol/L Confirm the value, address the cause, assess renal function and the rate of rise…

…pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of…

…A value of around 0.9 to 1.0 or higher in an adult trauma patient suggests significant hypovolaemia and an increased transfusion requirement. Pregnancy…

…pressure Marked respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute…

…the last dose, the renal function and the severity of the bleeding 7 Manage antiplatelet drugs according to their indication. Do not routinely stop aspirin…

…usually visible on plain films. Irrigation fluid: a copious volume of drinking quality tap water or sodium chloride 9 mg/mL. The volume matters more…

…real world’ patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison of two established bleeding prediction schemes in a nationwide cohort. J Thromb Haemost . 2011;9(8):1460 1467…

…High 3 9 As above. Very high Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAC) is recommended for all female patients with a score of 3 or more…

…total score ranges from 0 to 9, with higher scores indicating an increased risk of stroke (Table 1). Interpretation of the CHA₂DS₂ VA score CHA₂DS₂…

…repeated episodes of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Several relatives presented with identical ECG changes (the youngest at age 6 years). Another 9 affected individuals…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…sporadic, age related disease characterized by a normal TTR genetic sequence [9, 19]. It is currently considered the most frequent form of CA worldwide [15]…

…These 9 aspects are all necessary to become confident in ECG interpretation and making clinical decisions using the ECG. Interestingly, none of the books reviewed…

…secondary) [9, 16] Severe pulmonary stenosis [8] Right ventricular hypertrophy [8, 17] Pulmonary embolism, which may manifest as a rightward shift of the ECG axis…

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

…2,%) < 2.7 0.9 0.1 0.4 0.8 2.1 Table 1. Survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to…

…one" – is used to denote the occluded coronary artery. In the majority of cases, it is only possible to determine the ischemic/infarct area (and…

ECG Left main coronary artery occlusion Left main coronary artery (LMCA) occlusion is a rare but catastrophic manifestation of acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies…

…discharge was 8.8% (95% CI 8.2–9.4%) Likelihood of 1 year survival rate was 7.7% (95% CI 5.8–9.5%)…

…vascular stiffening, and distinct microvascular responses to systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type…