…conceal sarcopenia), in oedema and ascites, and in people under 18 years of age, where iso BMI or percentile charts should be used. Waist circumference…

…wrist, and tape to secure the hand. Positioning: the wrist extended about 30–45 degrees over the rolled towel, the hand secured with tape. Greater…

…Contraindications Cautery: Type Contraindication : : Absolute The source of bleeding cannot be identified Relative A pacemaker or ICD when monopolar electrocautery is used Relative A cochlear…

…pain. Preparation and equipment Doppler for the ankle brachial index, blood pressure cuff. Lukewarm tap water or saline for cleansing, swabs. Sharp spoon (curette), ring…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a…

…ischaemia Paraplegia or paraparesis Persistent or recurrent pain Hypertension that remains uncontrolled despite optimal therapy Acute type A dissection has a particularly rapid early mortality…

…Mobitz type 1 block is characterized by a gradual prolongation of the PR interval over a few heart cycles until an atrial impulse is completely…

Visual assessment of regional wall motion (left ventricle) TYPE OF MOTION DEFINITION WALL MOTION SCORE Normal Normal thickening (typically 30% thickening from end diastole to…

Cardiology Clinical chemistry & laboratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N terminal pro BNP (NT proBNP) are circulating markers of myocardial…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

Echocardiography Cardiomyopathy caused by tachycardia A prolonged tachycardia can cause cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy …

…examination must be preceded by information about each step, take place with the patient's ongoing consent, and be able to be stopped at any…

…emergency. Infection can progress rapidly, while the typical local signs of inflammation may be faint or absent. Take cultures immediately, but never let sampling, imaging…

…based on height and weight. It is calculated by dividing body weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. BMI is relevant for…

…Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has…

…Definition and therapeutic rationale Inclisiran is a liver directed small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to reduce production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)…

…are important differences. These differences are largely explained by the dramatic physiological and anatomical changes that take place during infancy and childhood. The most dramatic…

…to apolipoprotein(a). The length of apolipoprotein(a) varies because of genetically determined differences in the number of kringle IV type 2 repeats. Lp(a)…

…Type 4a MI after PCI In a patient with normal baseline cTn, type 4a MI is defined by: cTn greater than 5 times the 99th…

… A: Mobitz Type II 2nd AV block B: Prolonged QT interval (QTc ≥ 480 ms for females) C: Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block (rSR' pattern in…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)…

…It is a PCI related myocardial infarction when angiography or autopsy documents thrombosis and the diagnostic criteria used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled…

…risk factors, type of symptoms etc. Chest pain is one of the most nuanced symptoms in clinical practice and it is fundamental to be able…

…by a repolarization (recovery). The action potential occurs in all cardiac cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions…

…heart failure. There are six main types of cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) — This type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by pronounced hypertrophy of the myocardium. It…

…are important differences. These differences are largely explained by the dramatic physiological and anatomical changes that take place during infancy and childhood. The most dramatic…

…It may be broken, as in Figure 1 . Any type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for pathological R wave…

…AV blocks can proceed directly to the subsequent chapters, which provide detailed discussions on each type. First degree AV block Second degree AV block Third…

…minutes. 3. Attach defibrillator pads if the patient is unstable or at marked risk of arrhythmia. 4. Take a full blood count, electrolytes, creatinine, glucose…

…92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention…

…Take an urgent panel: creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate or blood gas, calcium, phosphate, glucose and a full blood count. 5. Take a urine dipstick…

…local stroke protocol and immediate contact with the on call stroke consultant or the thrombectomy centre take precedence where there is a discrepancy or uncertainty…

…before surgery, or while swelling is progressing. Take care in impaired sensation (neuropathy, spinal cord injury) — the patient does not feel the pressure sore. Preparation…

…normally 950–1150 mL/min Haemodynamic profiles in shock Type CO SVR CVP/PCWP ScvO₂ : : : : : : : : : Hypovolaemic ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ Cardiogenic ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓…

…Do not wait for laboratory results. Take a serum cortisol and ACTH first only if this does not delay treatment. Plus fluid and glucose Adrenal…

…0 mmol/L Acid–base Venous pH < 7.3 and/or bicarbonate < 18 mmol/L Venous pH ≥ 7.3 and bicarbonate ≥ 15 mmol…

…does not fit the clinical picture. 4. Where possible, take the plasma osmolality, urine osmolality and urine sodium before treatment. 5. With severe symptoms: give…

…high value As required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting…

…COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂…

…central venous catheter. 4. Take samples for blood grouping and cross matching before transfusion if this can be done without delay. 5. Start active warming…

…Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected base of skull fracture or a marked midfacial fracture — the tube can pass through a fracture in the cribriform plate…

…non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to improve function is a reason to taper off, not to increase the dose. Contraindications Ongoing respiratory…

…Otherwise: Type Contraindication : : Absolute No safe pocket of fluid to puncture (no ultrasound verified fluid) Relative Uncorrected coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Relative Ongoing anticoagulant treatment — plan…

…4 mm punch from a lesion less than 48 hours old Also take a biopsy for immunofluorescence Panniculitis Excision or a deep punch down into…

…myocardial ischaemia or syncope — that has not responded to atropine: Complete heart block (third degree AV block) and second degree AV block Mobitz type 2…

…or as a substitute for mobilisation and bladder training. Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected urethral injury — blood at the meatus, a perineal or scrotal haematoma…

…Dofetilide, Ibutilide, Sotalol Class IV Non dihydropyridine L type Ca 2+ channel blockers Diltiazem, Verapamil Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Bold text indicates…

…moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or…

…Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has…

…should be administered at the time of PCI. Patients should also take acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) daily (75–325 mg). Duration of therapy : Premature discontinuation of…

…depolarization and the end of ventricular repolarization. It reflects the total time the ventricles take to de and repolarize. Abnormalities in the QT interval can…

…or pericardial effusion Aortic rupture Proximal aortic complications Malperfusion and pulse deficits are less common in type A IMH than in classic type A dissection…

…according to the fourth universal definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other…

…monophosphate (cAMP), which in turn reduces the L type calcium current (Ica.L) and the pacemaker current (If) in sinus node cells, accompanied by a…

…However, media outlets and bloggers are not necessarily experienced researchers, nor do they always take advice from experts (for whatever reason). LDL cholesterol, dietary fat…

…red meat. The principal evidence supported patterns are Mediterranean type and DASH style diets. Their effects are multidimensional and cannot be adequately inferred from changes…

…distinction is important in premature coronary disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, which are usually polygenic conditions, although family history remains clinically useful for…

…ischaemic ECG changes. The distinction between myocardial injury and type 2 infarction is particularly important. Type 2 infarction requires clinical evidence of ischaemia; an elevated…