…stricture or a known diverticulum Relative Recent nasal or pharyngeal surgery Signs that should raise the suspicion of a base of skull fracture: periorbital bruising…

…septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve adhere to the ventricular myocardium (failure of embryological delamination). The tricuspid valve annulus is displaced apically 0…

…causes of left axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of extreme axis deviation Extreme axis deviation is rare. It is most likely due to misplaced…

…s, provided that other causes of left axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of extreme axis deviation Rare. Most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes…

…heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the basal portion of the left lateral wall posteriorly in thorax (Figure 1…

…infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Posterior myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis involving the posterior region of the left ventricle, usually as part of an inferoposterior or…

…causes left posterior fascicular block (LPFB) . In a fascicular block, the myocardium without fascicular supply will depend on impulses spreading from other parts of the…

…dilation. Atrial dilation causes a significantly increased risk of atrial fibrillation. The increase in left atrial pressure may also propagate backward to the pulmonary circulation…

…but posterior circulation stroke is the most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central…

…Choice of site The posterior superior iliac spine is the standard site for both aspiration and biopsy in adults. Here the posterior part of the…

…posterior wall) ≤ 0.9 cm ≤ 1.0 cm Left atrial volume index ≤ 34 mL/m² ≤ 34 mL/m² TAPSE 17 mm 17 mm E/e…

…central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the posterior fossa…

…90° Left axis deviation — left anterior fascicular block, inferior infarction, hypertrophy +90° to +180° Right axis deviation — right ventricular strain, lateral infarction, left posterior fascicular…

…Posterior shoulder dislocation, which is often associated with fracture and requires an orthopaedic surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip (as opposed to a prosthesis) — a…

…assessment of regional wall motion (left ventricle) TYPE OF MOTION DEFINITION WALL MOTION SCORE Normal Normal thickening (typically 30% thickening from end diastole to end…

…V7, V8 and V9 in patients with high suspicion of posterior acute myocardial infarction (e.g due to reciprocal ST segment depressions in V1, V2…

…septum. The left atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of this circuit may be located either anterior or posterior to the superior vena cava…

…devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation thresholds and improves success, and…

…posterior infarction signs, and terminal QRS distortion—compared to standard STEMI criteria. Observational data suggest that up to 30% of patients initially classified as NSTEMI…

…the bundle of His, which bifurcates into the right and left bundle branches. The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior and posterior fascicles…

…the posterior wall (these arteries branch of after the right marginal artery) may be given off by the RCA (and otherwise the LCx). Left anterior…

…the dorsum of the foot lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon. Measure in the same way as on the arm. 4. Posterior tibial artery…

…to the posterior surface of the patella. The shoulder The patient sits with the arm hanging relaxed and slightly internally rotated. The posterior approach is…

…the mask downwards along the posterior pharyngeal wall in a smooth movement until a clear resistance is felt — the tip of the cuff then lies…

…to the lateral border of the rectus abdominis — this avoids the inferior epigastric artery, which runs on the posterior aspect of the rectus muscle along…

…liver, lung or vessel lies in the path of the needle. Access Puncture site Direction Comment : : : : Subxiphoid 1–2 cm below and to the left

…temple, the accessory nerve in the posterior triangle of the neck, and the superficial nerves of the forearm and the dorsum of the hand. Preparation…

…or polyps. Examination of the posterior pharyngeal wall may reveal secretions or a cobblestoned appearance of the mucosa. Laryngoscopy may be performed to assess for…

…dominance: left dominance vs. right dominance The coronary artery that supplies the PDA (posterior descending coronary artery), which supplies the inferior wall of the left…

…walls, and the posterior wall if the LCx supplies the posterior descending artery (PDA) in a left dominant circulation (i.e. 10 15% of cases)…

…the left ventricle partially or entirely outside the specialized conduction system. This slower conduction results in a prolonged QRS duration. The defining features of LBBB…

…heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the basal portion of the left lateral wall posteriorly in thorax (Figure 1…

…left bundle branch. Coronary artery dominance The coronary artery that supplies the PDA (posterior descending coronary artery), which supplies the inferior wall of the left…

…The urgency varies: Object Urgency : : Button battery Immediately — leakage of fluid causes a chemical burn Two or more magnets (including in different nostrils) Immediately — pressure…