…considered for its prognostic implications. Clinicians often check pupil size and reactivity as part of initial and ongoing evaluations of patients in cardiac arrest or…

…clearance must be assessed prior to initiation and monitored continuously during therapy. Hypokalemia is a significant risk factor for drug induced torsades de pointes; therefore…

…risk factor for death [15]. For patients with LBBB and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) $< 35%$, the implantation of a defibrillator or…

…calcium and magnesium. Note that some patients may exhibit combined electrolyte imbalance. The ECG may be used to estimate the severity of electrolyte imbalances and…

…the mass are indicative in diagnostics. A patient who exhibits an ecotdense mass entrenched in the endocardium with impaired mobility (for example, after myocardial infarction)…

…to 4 days post infusion, thereby providing extended therapeutic benefits. 2 Infusion of levosimendan can be repeated at 2 6 weeks intervals, or more frequently…

…main coronary artery (LAD) or 2 epicardial coronary arteries (Felker et al). Left ventricular dilation entails a markedly elevated risk of ventricular tachycardia and cardiac…

…levels below 2 ng/mL and arrhythmias may not occur even at higher plasma levels. Thus, digoxin is rather unpredictable in terms of arrhythmia risk…

…05% in Europe (Corrado et al). ARVC is more malignant in men, the reason for which remains elusive. Gene mutations can be confirmed in roughly…

…relaxation [10]. There is also an increased risk of intracardiac thrombus and stroke or systemic embolization, even in patients in sinus rhythm [8]. Differentiating ATTR…

…0.2 mg/kg) IM: (1:1000): 0.1 to 0.5 mg (max 1 mg) Safe for peripheral use +++++ ++++ +++ N/A Beta effect more…

…0.2 mg/kg) IM: (1:1000): 0.1 to 0.5 mg (max 1 mg) Safe for peripheral use +++++ ++++ +++ N/A Beta effect more…

…causes of cardiac arrest becomes more critical than performing chest compressions. Hemorrhages, either manifesting externally or concealed internally, account for approximately half of all traumatic…

…VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). IV infusions can be safely continued for 2 to 3 weeks. IV amiodarone is generally well tolerated, even in patients…

…a result of asphyxia or hypoxia is managed according to the standard CPR algorithm, except that interventions to reoxygenate the patient is of paramount importance…

…patients with NSTE ACS, the condition is classified as unstable angina (UA) . Please refer to Diagnostic Criteria for Myocardial Infarction for further details. Figure 2…

…while for witnessed cardiac arrests, the survival rate stands at 73% (Podsiadlo et al.). A significant majority of these patients exhibit satisfactory neurological function upon…

…remain the most potent population attributable risk factors. Furthermore, the "obesity paradox"—whereby overweight and mildly obese HF patients exhibit better survival than normal weight…

…typical flutter. Furthermore, typical flutter frequently emerges in patients undergoing pharmacological treatment for AF with class IC drugs or amiodarone. In these instances, the flutter…

…Heusch et al). Ischemic myocardium exhibits wall motion abnormalities In the setting of ischemia, myocardial contractility is downregulated or completely ceased. The ischemic area will…

…dependent, initiated by either a slowing of the heart rate or a PVC induced pause. The subsequent sinus beat typically exhibits a longer QT interval…

…these patients exhibit hypotension—often with a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg—accompanied by signs of poor vital organ perfusion or frank shock…

…Brugada syndrome was identified in the early 1990s and early repolarization was identified as a risk factor for sudden cardiac arrest in 2008 (1, 2…

…sinus arrhythmia can be pronounced in pediatric patients, it is considered a benign finding. Generally, sinus arrhythmia is more pronounced in older children because they…

…patient with suspected syncope aims to determine whether the transient loss of consciousness was due to syncope, identify the cause, and assess the risk for…

…digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low…

…hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may display normal, or supranormal ejection fraction , despite manifest heart failure and severe symptoms. These individuals exhibit pronounced hypertrophy, resulting in a reduction…

…pulmonary artery may also be dilated in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography in pulmonary regurgitation Echocardiography is the modality of choice for diagnosing pulmonary regurgitation…

…the underlying pathology. It is important to be aware of the characteristic ECG changes as they have implications for the management of these patients. Also…

…as a valuable diagnostic tool and educational model, promoting earlier identification and treatment of high risk ACS patients. Future randomized trials are needed to validate…

…dynamic disease. The majority of individuals in high income countries have some degree of coronary atherosclerosis. Risk factors for atherosclerosis (e.g smoking, hypertension, diabetes…

…dynamic disease. The majority of individuals in high income countries have some degree of coronary atherosclerosis. Risk factors for atherosclerosis (e.g smoking, hypertension, diabetes…

…ischemia, the more extensive the infarction. These three are the most important determinants of infarct size. However, there are additional factors that deserve mention. Collateral…

…in ACS patients treated with PCI can increase the risk of thrombosis, myocardial infarction, or death. Treatment for up to 12 months is recommended unless…

…In the critically ill patient, AF may be pre existing, newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness…

…survival. Patients with unstable angina pectoris with low risk (according to TIMI score or similar) may undergo stress testing when their clinical condition is stabilized…

…matters more than the antidote [1,2]. Telephone your national or regional poison control centre , which in most countries is staffed around the clock for…

…embolism, a persisting risk factor, or recurrence. Special situations Situation Comment : : Pregnancy Leg ultrasound first. CT pulmonary angiography or lung scintigraphy according to local procedure…

…rule for patients with risk factors. Check what applies in your own region. The time limit is not a guarantee. Where the stroke risk is…

…of the circulation and breathing 2 Assess whether the patient has sepsis, septic shock, or a need for high dependency or intensive care 3 Take…

…Diuretic refractory or diuretic intolerant ascites, as recurrent treatment. Contraindications There are in practice no absolute contraindications; suspected spontaneous bacterial peritonitis carries more weight than…

…chosen when the need is more than brief: continuing pacing dependence, inadequate or unachievable transcutaneous capture, or when the patient cannot tolerate the pain of…

…A patient does not have to meet every criterion in a column. Clinical deterioration or a poor response to treatment carries more weight than a…

…management: 1. Does the patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to the hyponatraemia? 2. Is the hyponatraemia acute or chronic? Severe symptoms…

…and the signs of shock 2 Two large bore peripheral cannulae. Consider an arterial line if the patient is unstable or frequent blood gases are…

…a unit is selected electronically against the blood group Standard for planned transfusion in a patient without irregular red cell antibodies Serological crossmatch (MG test…

…10. Elevate the limb and inform the patient. Backslab or circumferential cast A dorsal backslab or another half slab for a fresh injury, acute swelling…

…patient an apparently small insult — sleep deprivation, urinary retention or a new sedative drug, for example — may be enough to precipitate the condition [1,2…

…A score of 3 or more indicates a difficult intubation — call for help and get out the videolaryngoscope and plan B before you give the…

…blood pressure response Refining risk stratification and prognosis For patients with low or moderate pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD, CCTA or functional imaging should…

…often female than patients with atherosclerotic mediated myocardial infarction. A history of cigarette smoking may be present despite relatively few other conventional atherosclerotic risk factors…

…the patient's usual saturation. Previous exacerbations and hospital admissions. Current inhaled treatment and adherence. Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example…

…worse when the patient moves the head is therefore not evidence of BPPV. Step 2: decide whether HINTS may be used HINTS stands for Head

…Both fail more often for practical than for medical reasons: the cuff is in the wrong place, the electrodes come off, the patient has not…

…are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min , not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger or smaller than…

…or ICD when monopolar electrocautery is used Relative A cochlear implant Relative The contralateral side of the septum already cauterised — bilateral cautery carries a risk…

…physician available. Patient preparation: A light meal is permitted; no large meal, no coffee and no nicotine in the preceding 2–3 hours. Comfortable clothing…

…the drink more tolerable. A kidney dish, a beaker or a straw, tissues, and an apron for the patient — charcoal stains everything black. For administration…

…but refrain or adapt in: The patient does not consent — the examination must then not be carried out. Vaginismus or marked anxiety — plan for extra…

…the patient down. Injection Needle Angle Maximum volume per site : : : : Deltoid, adult 23–25 G, 25 mm 90° 1–2 mL Deltoid, BMI 35 or…