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Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…considered for its prognostic implications. Clinicians often check pupil size and reactivity as part of initial and ongoing evaluations of patients in cardiac arrest or…

Sotalol: Initiation, QT Monitoring and Renal Dosing

…clearance must be assessed prior to initiation and monitored continuously during therapy. Hypokalemia is a significant risk factor for drug induced torsades de pointes; therefore…

Left Bundle Branch Block: ECG criteria and clinical implications

…risk factor for death [15]. For patients with LBBB and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) $< 35%$, the implantation of a defibrillator or…

ECG changes due to electrolyte imbalance (disorder)

…calcium and magnesium. Note that some patients may exhibit combined electrolyte imbalance. The ECG may be used to estimate the severity of electrolyte imbalances and…

Cardiac tumors

…the mass are indicative in diagnostics. A patient who exhibits an ecotdense mass entrenched in the endocardium with impaired mobility (for example, after myocardial infarction)…

Levosimendan (Simdax, Simendan) in acute heart failure

…to 4 days post infusion, thereby providing extended therapeutic benefits. 2 Infusion of levosimendan can be repeated at 2 6 weeks intervals, or more frequently…

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Definition, Types, Diagnostics & Treatment

…main coronary artery (LAD) or 2 epicardial coronary arteries (Felker et al). Left ventricular dilation entails a markedly elevated risk of ventricular tachycardia and cardiac…

Digoxin - ECG changes, arrhythmias, conduction defects & treatment

…levels below 2 ng/mL and arrhythmias may not occur even at higher plasma levels. Thus, digoxin is rather unpredictable in terms of arrhythmia risk…

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy / Dysplasia (ARVC, ARVD)

…05% in Europe (Corrado et al). ARVC is more malignant in men, the reason for which remains elusive. Gene mutations can be confirmed in roughly…

Cardiac amyloidosis

…relaxation [10]. There is also an increased risk of intracardiac thrombus and stroke or systemic embolization, even in patients in sinus rhythm [8]. Differentiating ATTR…

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