…Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and rheumatic fever. Aortic dissection rupturing into the pericardium…

…a wide range of local and systemic conditions may cause pericarditis. The most common causes are as follows: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)…

…pregnant women, patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and patients treated with CAR T cells or other advanced immunotherapies may require separate local protocols. Definition…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…The method is quick, cheap and requires no local anaesthetic — but it leaves no specimen . That makes the choice of lesion the critical point: never…

…left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and operator or institutional experience Assessment…

…doses and include an initial high dose phase. Follow FASS (the Swedish medicines compendium) and the local protocol. See the pulmonary embolism quick reference for…

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…

…Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory…

…The local stroke protocol and immediate contact with the on call stroke consultant or the thrombectomy centre take precedence where there is a discrepancy or…

…monitored [3]. The management of complicated withdrawal varies between regions and units. Follow the local protocol for choice of drug, dosing, route of administration and…

…Impaired consciousness. Synchronised cardioversion under sedation, at an energy level according to the local protocol. An anticoagulant is given as soon as possible, but must…

…Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather…

…organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A…

…pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment …

…a sufficient effect. Contraindications Absolute: Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection over the injection site. Bacteraemia or suspected septic bursitis or arthritis. A joint…

…a pulse that can be felt. The other predictable error is forgetting that pacing hurts a great deal in a conscious patient. Indications Immediate (transcutaneous)…

…is disputed and practice differs between units. Poisoning with other weak acids where the poison control centre recommends it, for example certain phenoxy acid herbicides…

…and up to 5–75% of CT series; other angiographic descriptions report rates of approximately 5–10%, while fewer than 5% of otherwise normal angiograms…

…hyperplasia following vessel wall injury. PCI and stent implantation produce local vascular injury and initiate a sustained inflammatory and reparative response. Proliferation and accumulation of…

…however, operator dependent and its diagnostic performance is influenced by image quality and local expertise. Clinical Presentation and Indications Stress echocardiography is used in patients…

…Consequently, local revascularization must be accompanied by systemic treatment aimed at stabilizing the broader atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of acute coronary syndrome The major mechanisms…

…fibrosis, atrial dilation, and endocardial denudation, which collectively promote local inflammation and create a highly prothrombotic endothelial surface. Furthermore, AF induces a systemic hypercoagulable state…

…other units may be critical (e.g. trauma unit). Careful and evidence based planning at the societal level (e.g. CPR education programs) and local…

…medical system (EMS), as well as the hospital cardiac arrest team (CAT) and intensive care units and other units caring for resuscitated patients. Figure 1…

…4. Other Systemic/Local Causes Conditions: Intraabdominal processes, pneumothorax, and herpes zoster pain are other considerations when assessing chest pain [2]. Autoimmune/Malignancy: A history…

…perianally. Indications Fluctuant, tender, erythematous and indurated swelling in the skin or subcutis. Pilonidal abscess, hidradenitis abscess and paronychia with a collection of pus. Persistent…

…provider. 5. Confirm delirium with a structured instrument , for example the 4AT or the CAM according to local protocol. 6. Look for several concurrent causes…

…or a Katz extractor). A local anaesthetic with a vasoconstrictor for the nose: lidocaine 4 % with oxymetazoline 0.5 % on pledgets. Mineral oil or lidocaine…

…puncture, and antibiotics and a corticosteroid are then given immediately after blood cultures. For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression…

…or suspected variceal bleeding, also contact a gastroenterologist with hepatology expertise 9 Activate the local major haemorrhage protocol in uncontrolled bleeding, shock or a rapid…

…Lathundar About this quick reference Treatment protocols differ between regions. Always follow the local protocol for exact infusion rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care…

…of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI…

…Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the effect of anticoagulants, increasing bleeding risk. Monitor coagulation…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured…

…Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction…

…syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical…

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

…or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia…

…with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption…

…most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals…

…cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy. Biventricular hypertrophy ECG In case the ECG or other examinations suggest…

…when recording during chest pain is not consistent with myocardial ischemia. In other words, chest pain caused by ischemia will always result in ischemic ST…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect…

…1 A ). Concave ST segment elevations, on the other hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular…

…and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist / hip Men 0.90, women 0.85 = abdominal…

…sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…