…The absence of symptoms indicates that the bradycardia is compensated by an increase in stroke volume. Symptomatic bradycardia may present with chronic or acute symptoms…

Procedurer Pericardiocentesis is performed on the basis of the haemodynamics, not the volume of fluid. A litre that has accumulated slowly can be asymptomatic, while…

…Phase 0 : Indicates the beginning of the next inspiration. Normal ETCO 2 : 38 mmHg (5 kPa) or 5%. Monitoring ETCO 2 aids in: Assessing ventilation…

…despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending…

…monitoring, intravenous or intraosseous access, a targeted history At 5 minutes A full, adequate dose of a benzodiazepine About 10 minutes Repeat the benzodiazepine once…

…the expected course and the possibility of rapid reversal with an antidote. Intubation is recommended for neurological, respiratory or haemodynamic failure that cannot be corrected…

CPR Cardiac arrest is a result of tachyarrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia or asystole. The tachyarrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include…

…preferably before or at the same time as carbohydrate administration. 3. Rapid identification of seizures, delirium tremens, infection, trauma and metabolic disturbance. 4. Monitoring at…

…extent of circulatory compromise. Features associated with an unfavourable short term prognosis include: Tachycardia Low systolic blood pressure Respiratory insufficiency, manifested by tachypnoea and/or…

…appropriate. Contraindications Respiratory arrest, agonal breathing or cardiac arrest — intubate. Inability to protect the airway: a reduced level of consciousness not attributable to hypercapnia, marked…

…not to increase the dose. Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…indication and contraindications, attach ECG monitoring and insert a venous cannula. 2. Document the baseline status of the chosen finding — measurement, photograph or video. 3…

…in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged endoscopic intervention a…

…A respiratory rate of at least 22/min, increased work of breathing, a new oxygen requirement, a saturation below 93 per cent on air, or…

…recorded ECG) is a very strong predictor of survival. This is because cardiac arrest presenting with ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) can…

…is 12 h, a primary PCI strategy is indicated in the presence of ongoing ischemic symptoms, haemodynamic instability, or life threatening arrhythmias. I C A…

…with congenital heart disease. Initiation Strategies Because of its ability to significantly prolong the QT interval and cause torsades de pointes or provoke severe bra

…got up. Holter ECG and longer rhythm monitoring Indications Palpitations, presyncope or syncope of suspected arrhythmic origin. Assessment of rate control in atrial fibrillation. Suspected…

…compromise or skin tenting — reduce promptly, before radiography. The longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of…

…or electrophysiology in relation to ACE inhibitor therapy. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings Monitoring renal function and potassium is a critical component of ACE inhibitor therapy…

…pacing may rarely result in pacing during ventricular repolarization and provoke ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. The likelihood of clinically significant EMI is generally low…

…activity and there is a chance that ischemic episodes are missed. Indeed, studies (with continuous ST segment monitoring) show that 60% to 75% of ischemic

…in patients with renal disease; neither amiodarone nor desethylamiodarone is dialyzable. The volume of distribution is large, averaging 60 L/kg, and the drug is…

…disappearance of Korotkoff sounds; if sounds persist, the fourth Korotkoff sound is used. Office blood pressure: blood pressure measured in a clinical setting, manually or…

…inversion of the T waves. These T waves are called post ischemic T waves and they indicate that the infarction process is more or less…

…anaesthesia, normal saline to flush all lumens, suture material or a securement device, transparent dressing. Monitoring throughout the procedure: ECG, pulse oximetry and blood pressure…

…or hyperkalaemic ECG changes at any level Immediate emergency treatment, continuous ECG monitoring and early assessment of the need for dialysis ECG changes or serious…

…propofol, or etomidate), routine blood pressure and oximetry monitoring, availability of atropine, isoproterenol, or transcutaneous pacing for post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators …

…risk of tetany and seizures. Anuria or established renal failure. Without urine production there is no urine to alkalinise, and the sodium and volume load…

…MAP ≥ 65 mmHg 80–85 mmHg in chronic hypertension or when there are signs of inadequate perfusion Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Lactate…

…a distinct class of inodilator. It enhances myocardial contractility and induces peripheral vasodilation through cardiac myofilament calcium sensitisation. This process is achieved via calcium dependent…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…maximum score of 9. The score takes into account various risk factors that contribute to bleeding risk, including uncontrolled hypertension, impaired renal or liver function…

…of myocardium at risk. Over 48 hours: urgent PCI is still indicated with continuing ischaemia, shock, serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of…

…environmental exposures are associated with continued or resumed smoking after the acute event and warrant particular attention. Cardiovascular benefits of cessation The principal benefits relevant…

…possible or known plaques, or stenosis. Diagnostics Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Monitoring An ECG should be performed if there is suspicion of syncope due to an…

…or dialysis DOACs are not recommended. Warfarin after individual assessment Rule of thumb for the monitoring interval: eGFR divided by 10 gives the number of…

…can swallow safely. 4. Give intravenous glucose if the patient has a reduced level of consciousness, is having seizures or cannot swallow. 5. If there…

…Intervention Monitoring : Assess residual shunts after device closure or surgery. Differentiating Pathologies : Helps differentiate cardiac vs. non cardiac causes of symptoms like dyspnea or failure…

…and quality of life may be equally important therapeutic objectives. Evidence from randomized trials is often less applicable to very frail or multimorbid patients because…

…of both thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risks. The diagnostic prerequisite for clinical AF remains the documentation of the arrhythmia via a standard 12 lead ECG or…

…low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment when precise measurements are needed to guide therapy. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

…or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia, intra aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume…

…region. The time limit is not a guarantee. Where the stroke risk is high or the time of onset uncertain, choose the more cautious course…

…Basic principles of treatment The patient should be managed in an emergency department, an intensive care unit, a coronary care unit or another setting that…

…electrocardiographic and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and…

…may be falsely normal because of medial sclerosis — in that case add toe pressure measurement. Absolute: ABI < 0.5 or toe pressure < 30…

…lidocaine gel for the electrode. A glass of water with a straw, a vomit bowl, tissues, suction. Monitoring with ECG, blood pressure and saturation throughout…

…to try yet another dose. Chronotropic support is given as an infusion of isoprenaline, adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace…

…nature of HCM. By combining these factors, the calculator generates a 5 year SCD risk percentage , which helps clinicians stratify patients into low, intermediate, or…

…unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of…

…stroke volume, or vascular tone can significantly impact MAP, reflecting the dynamic interplay between cardiac function and vascular resistance. Advantages of measuring MAP over systolic…

…Initial hs cTn measurement Continuous cardiac monitoring The source material does not provide a detailed list of physical examination findings or a specific examination sequence…

…kidney function; Excess dietary sodium and volume overload; Concomitant drugs or conditions that increase blood pressure; or An undiagnosed secondary cause of hypertension. White coat…

…setting of acute coronary syndrome, AF is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia. It may predate the coronary event, be detected for the first time, or…

…and subsequent sudden death are rare, the arrhythmia is precipitated by an extensive list of "torsadegenic" or "QT liability" drugs. This includes Class III antiarrhythmic…

…flow limitation. The mechanisms are incompletely defined. Proposed contributors include hypercontractility or hypersensitivity of coronary vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictor stimuli, including adrenergic agonists, leukotrienes…

…unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of…

…signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the most likely diagnosis 3 Heart rate 100/min 1.5 Immobilisation ≥ 3 days or surgery…