…salicylate poisoning, intubation with an inadequate minute ventilation can rapidly worsen the acidaemia and increase the entry of salicylate into the central nervous system. Discuss…

…serum concentration. Alkalinisation increases renal elimination several fold and at the same time reduces the passage of salicylate into the central nervous system. Contact your…

…patients with left ventricular dysfunction, though those with depressed ejection fraction should receive it with great caution due to the risk of hypotension. Peripheral IV

…catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted peripheral venous access during prolonged intravenous therapy…

…right atrial pressure. Levosimendan represents a distinct class of inodilator. It enhances myocardial contractility and induces peripheral vasodilation through cardiac myofilament calcium sensitisation. This process…

…coronary syndrome Reinfarction reduced by approximately 30–40%; death reduced by approximately 35–45% Peripheral artery disease Lower risk of progression to chronic limb threat

…Give small boluses, for example 250 to 500 mL, with immediate reassessment of the blood pressure, pulse, peripheral perfusion, mental state and chest findings. Avoid

…of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation to the hand. Vascular disease in the limb: marked peripheral…

…Glycopyrronium (Robinul) 0.2 mg is an alternative premedication. Peripheral venous cannula, saline flush. ECG monitoring, pulse oximetry and blood pressure measurement throughout the test…

…but do not delay treatment of a neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood glucose during rapid changes…

…continuous monitoring, activate the sepsis pathway according to local practice, oxygen if hypoxaemic, two large bore peripheral cannulae 0 to 10 min A blood gas…

…90% of prevalent hypertension. Hypertension has a major population attributable contribution to chronic coronary disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. More than 70% of…

…closer monitoring — the patient cannot feel pressure injury Peripheral neuropathy of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with…

…Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and…

…Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and…

…cold periphery Almost always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low voltage…

…electrocardiographic and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and…

…explain the marked differences in characteristics and outcomes across the data sources for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and in hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA…

…monitoring should start immediately and a defibrillator must be ready. I B Consider connecting leads V7, V8 and V9 in patients with high suspicion of…

…maintenance of sotalol therapy. The drug prolongs the QT interval and the PR interval, while leaving the QRS duration largely unchanged. Continuous ECG monitoring is…

…pressure ECG monitoring D Disability AVPU: Alert Voice responsive Pain responsive Unresponsive Limb movements Pupillary light reflexes Blood glucose E Exposure Identify signs of heart…

…the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) Indications Confirmation of newly detected hypertension — recommended before treatment is started . Suspected white coat hypertension…

…a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head and of vascular injury; always an orthopaedic surgeon, and usually general anaesthesia. An open dislocation…

…Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating oral medical therapy for heart failure…

…absence of malfunction, a pacemaker should have been checked within the preceding 12 months and an ICD within the preceding 6 months. Remote monitoring may…

…activity and there is a chance that ischemic episodes are missed. Indeed, studies (with continuous ST segment monitoring) show that 60% to 75% of ischemic

…category of elevated blood pressure, defined as office SBP 120–139 mmHg or DBP 70–89 mmHg. This distinction supports a risk based approach because…

…rescue PCI. For the purpose of assessing ST segment return, one should preferably use continuous ST segment monitoring. If monitoring equipment is not available, 12…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of an emergency intubation is rarely the laryngoscopy itself but what was done before it: how well the patient was…

…continuous ECG monitoring and early assessment of the need for dialysis ECG changes or serious neuromuscular symptoms mean a high risk even if the plasma…

…monitoring, intravenous or intraosseous access, a targeted history At 5 minutes A full, adequate dose of a benzodiazepine About 10 minutes Repeat the benzodiazepine once…

…in hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) 20 30% of victims have continuous ECG monitoring (telemetry), which allows instantaneous identification of the initial rhythm ( Thorén et al …

…etomidate), routine blood pressure and oximetry monitoring, availability of atropine, isoproterenol, or transcutaneous pacing for post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators , which are…

…end tidal carbon dioxide level. Continuous ETCO 2 monitoring is possible by means of intubation and ventilation devices equipped with sensors. A normal capnogram is…

…status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury. This classification is central to determining the intensity of monitoring, supportive treatment, anticoagulation…

…of seizures, delirium tremens, infection, trauma and metabolic disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of…

…about 7.20. Different targets apply when the intracranial pressure is raised: normocapnia (PaCO₂ 4.5–5.0 kPa) and avoidance of hypoxia, since hypercapnia…

…monitoring, complications and when thrombectomy should be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion…

…careful monitoring and management of modifiable risk factors. The HAS BLED score has demonstrated moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of…

…with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach continuous rhythm monitoring, secure intravenous access…

…NIV are two different treatments with different physiology, and the commonest source of error is confusing them. CPAP delivers a constant pressure that recruits alveoli…

…stenosis. Diagnostics Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Monitoring An ECG should be performed if there is suspicion of syncope due to an arrhythmia or underlying cardiac disease…

…Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given…

…recommended. Warfarin after individual assessment Rule of thumb for the monitoring interval: eGFR divided by 10 gives the number of months until the next check…

…lower part of the target range. Paraquat poisoning — oxygen worsens the lung injury. Discuss with your national or regional poison control centre. An open flame…

…Post Intervention Monitoring : Assess residual shunts after device closure or surgery. Differentiating Pathologies : Helps differentiate cardiac vs. non cardiac causes of symptoms like dyspnea or…

…is the misapplication of this score. A high HAS BLED score (≥3) indicates a need for closer clinical monitoring and aggressive modification of reversible risk…

…low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment when precise measurements are needed to guide therapy. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

…eGFR 30 mL/min. At an eGFR of 15–30 mL/min the documentation is inadequate and closer monitoring is required. Dabigatran is contraindicated at…

…dilution instructions and the local protocol before prescribing. Basic principles of treatment The patient should be managed in an emergency department, an intensive care unit…

…lidocaine gel for the electrode. A glass of water with a straw, a vomit bowl, tissues, suction. Monitoring with ECG, blood pressure and saturation throughout…

…bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is chosen when the need…

…ICD) is warranted. The HCM Risk SCD calculator is validated to estimate the 5 year risk of SCD in patients with HCM. What is the…

…duration of diastole compared to systole. Clinical utlility Monitoring MAP is essential for assessing adequate organ perfusion, especially in critically ill patients. A MAP of…

…ECG Initial hs cTn measurement Continuous cardiac monitoring The source material does not provide a detailed list of physical examination findings or a specific examination…

…maximally tolerated doses. The apparently uncontrolled office blood pressure must be confirmed using home blood pressure monitoring or ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Other guideline formulations…

…Consequently, the absence of AF during intermittent monitoring is not sufficient evidence that thromboembolic risk is low. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome, AF…

…criteria for evaluating the success of TdP treatment or detailed step by step algorithms for alternative therapies when initial pharmacological approaches fail to suppress the…

…formerly termed Prinzmetal or variant angina, is myocardial ischaemia caused by transient abnormal vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible…

…Intermediate–high Stable Yes Raised Admission with monitoring. Be prepared for rescue thrombolysis Intermediate–low Stable One of the two positive Admission Low Stable No…