…serum concentration. Alkalinisation increases renal elimination several fold and at the same time reduces the passage of salicylate into the central nervous system. Contact your…

…salicylate poisoning, intubation with an inadequate minute ventilation can rapidly worsen the acidaemia and increase the entry of salicylate into the central nervous system. Discuss…

…part via NMDA receptors. With prolonged alcohol exposure the nervous system adapts through reduced GABA mediated inhibition and increased glutamatergic activity. When the alcohol level…

…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

…baseline physical examination of patients prior to sotalol initiation. Diagnostics Electrocardiography (ECG) Electrocardiographic monitoring is central to the safe initiation and maintenance of sotalol therapy…

…procedure, and anticipated electrical environment. Preoperative evaluation Establish the nature and function of the device The following should be determined before surgery: Device type: pacemaker…

…category of elevated blood pressure, defined as office SBP 120–139 mmHg or DBP 70–89 mmHg. This distinction supports a risk based approach because…

…status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury. This classification is central to determining the intensity of monitoring, supportive treatment, anticoagulation…

…continuous ECG monitoring and early assessment of the need for dialysis ECG changes or serious neuromuscular symptoms mean a high risk even if the plasma…

…stenosis. Diagnostics Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Monitoring An ECG should be performed if there is suspicion of syncope due to an arrhythmia or underlying cardiac disease…

…is warranted. Diagnostics Hemodynamic and functional monitoring is central to the safe administration of these agents. Continuous blood pressure and rhythm monitoring are mandatory, particularly…

…and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is prevention of thromboembolic complications…

…low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment when precise measurements are needed to guide therapy. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

…electrocardiographic and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and…

…Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and…

…of MAP Hemodynamically, MAP is influenced by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), as described by the relationship: MAP = (CO × SVR) + Central…

…before resistant hypertension can be defined. The central physiological contributors include excess salt intake and salt and water retention, particularly when kidney function is impaired…

…Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and…

…mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure monitoring set: stiff…

…the first dose of antibiotic, the cultures, the fluid bolus and the start of the vasopressor. Time Action : : 0 to 5 min ABCDE, continuous monitoring…

…no symptoms requires no pacing, only monitoring and preparedness. Asystole with no electrical activity at all — pacing has no documented benefit there. Transcutaneous pacing: burns…

…A ventilator, an arterial line, a central venous catheter, ECG monitoring, blood gases. Drugs for sedation, analgesia and control of shivering. Procedure 1. Start temperature…

…VF or VT, survival is 30% in OHCA. If the initial rhythm is PEA (pulseless electrical activity), survival is 5% in OHCA. If the initial…

…monitoring should start immediately and a defibrillator must be ready. I B Consider connecting leads V7, V8 and V9 in patients with high suspicion of…

…pressure ECG monitoring D Disability AVPU: Alert Voice responsive Pain responsive Unresponsive Limb movements Pupillary light reflexes Blood glucose E Exposure Identify signs of heart…

…the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) Indications Confirmation of newly detected hypertension — recommended before treatment is started . Suspected white coat hypertension…

…afterwards whether a nerve injury was caused by the injury or by the treatment. Indications A clinically or radiologically confirmed dislocation of the shoulder, elbow…

…Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating oral medical therapy for heart failure…

…a few seconds of myocardial electrical activity and there is a chance that ischemic episodes are missed. Indeed, studies (with continuous ST segment monitoring) show…

…Because of this prolonged terminal half life, achieving steady state concentration without a loading dose takes approximately 265 days. Interpatient variability mandates close clinical monitoring…

…rescue PCI. For the purpose of assessing ST segment return, one should preferably use continuous ST segment monitoring. If monitoring equipment is not available, 12…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of an emergency intubation is rarely the laryngoscopy itself but what was done before it: how well the patient was…

…known as t1. After about 30 minutes of continuous convulsive activity, t2, the risk of permanent neuronal injury increases. Treatment must therefore start at 5…

…of tachyarrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia or asystole. The tachyarrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include all bradyarrhythmias, pulse less electrical activity…

…required. The rationale for electrical therapy over drugs is that, under monitored conditions, a controlled "dose" of electricity can immediately and safely restore sinus rhythm…

… one of the most useful signs Low voltage on the ECG, electrical alternans Supportive; it does not exclude Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and…

…of ventilation, metabolic activity, and perfusion. Increased aerobic metabolism, perfusion, and ventilation result in a higher end tidal carbon dioxide level. Continuous ETCO 2 monitoring…

…about 7.20. Different targets apply when the intracranial pressure is raised: normocapnia (PaCO₂ 4.5–5.0 kPa) and avoidance of hypoxia, since hypercapnia…

…monitoring, complications and when thrombectomy should be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion…

…careful monitoring and management of modifiable risk factors. The HAS BLED score has demonstrated moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of…

…ischaemia, heart failure, electrical instability or a large area of myocardium at risk. Over 48 hours: urgent PCI is still indicated with continuing ischaemia, shock…

…NIV are two different treatments with different physiology, and the commonest source of error is confusing them. CPAP delivers a constant pressure that recruits alveoli…

…establish: Current smoking status. Cigarettes smoked per day. Duration of smoking and cumulative exposure. Previous quit attempts and their duration. Triggers for smoking and anticipated…

…Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given…

…recommended. Warfarin after individual assessment Rule of thumb for the monitoring interval: eGFR divided by 10 gives the number of months until the next check…

…ECG monitoring and access to airway support. Indications Clinically suspected myasthenia gravis in a patient with clear, objectively verifiable fatigable symptoms. Assessment of whether residual…

…physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient…

…be prescribed as one: with an indication, a route of administration and a target range for the saturation . What usually goes wrong is not that…

…Fluid and monitoring Use a balanced crystalloid in the first instance. Give small boluses, for example 250 to 500 mL, with immediate reassessment of the…

…magnitude of intracardiac shunts, distinguishing hemodynamically significant defects from incidental findings. Guidance for Intervention : A Qp/Qs 1.5 often warrants surgical or percutaneous closure…

…functional capacity, and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very…

…systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved significantly; it is no longer viewed merely as an electrical anomaly but as a progressive, complex…

…anticoagulant? The unstable patient Immediate electrical cardioversion, without delay, in any of the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia…

…dilution instructions and the local protocol before prescribing. Basic principles of treatment The patient should be managed in an emergency department, an intensive care unit…

…closer monitoring — the patient cannot feel pressure injury Peripheral neuropathy of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with…

…lidocaine gel for the electrode. A glass of water with a straw, a vomit bowl, tissues, suction. Monitoring with ECG, blood pressure and saturation throughout…

…ICD) is warranted. The HCM Risk SCD calculator is validated to estimate the 5 year risk of SCD in patients with HCM. What is the…

…ECG Initial hs cTn measurement Continuous cardiac monitoring The source material does not provide a detailed list of physical examination findings or a specific examination…

…criteria for evaluating the success of TdP treatment or detailed step by step algorithms for alternative therapies when initial pharmacological approaches fail to suppress the…

…formerly termed Prinzmetal or variant angina, is myocardial ischaemia caused by transient abnormal vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible…