…product of stroke volume and heart rate: CO = SV • HR CO = cardiac output; SV = stroke volume; HR = heart rate. Cardiac Index…

…and oxygen transport Formulas Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = diastolic + (systolic − diastolic)/3 Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate SVR = 80 × (MAP − CVP) /…

…measurement of the diameter. Cardiac output (CO) Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR). CO = HR · SV Cardiac…

…This section discusses hemodynamic principles and how these can be leveraged to calculate stroke volume, cardiac output, pressure conditions, severity of stenoses and regurgitations, etc …

…hypotension, marked low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment when precise measurements are needed to guide therapy…

…ECMO) initiation ( Soar et al ). ETCO 2 trends can vary during CPR depending on various factors such as the cause of cardiac arrest, compression efficacy…

…null The current ERC and ESICM recommendation is continuous core temperature measurement and the active prevention of fever — defined as a temperature above about 37…

…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

…the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts…

…functional cardiac abnormality or raised natriuretic peptides is not mandatory for HFmrEF when the diagnosis of heart failure is clinically secure and the LVEF measurement…

…the broader assessment of peripheral arterial and aortic disease; planned surgery, especially carotid endarterectomy (CEA), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or major non cardiac surgery…

…are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure…

…Vital sign assessment 12 lead ECG Initial hs cTn measurement Continuous cardiac monitoring The source material does not provide a detailed list of physical examination…

…with a subsequent measurement of 40% [14] . This distinction is paramount for practicing cardiologists: HFimpEF represents a state of myocardial remission rather than true recovery…

…risk features of acute coronary syndrome. The physical examination should include: Assessment of all major peripheral pulses. Blood pressure measurement in both arms. Cardiac auscultation…

Echocardiography Tissue Doppler (Tissue Velocity Imaging) Previous chapters on Doppler imaging have all focused on measurements of blood flow. However, the Doppler effect can also…

…whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia, intra aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management…

…decreases and vice versa. The physiological purpose of this phenomenon is to allow for faster cardiac cycles during tachycardia (e.g during physical exertion). Therefore…

…description of the electrical activity of the heart and it is created by analyzing several electrodes. In other words, each ECG lead is computed by…

…heart vector [3]. The orientation and intensity of this vector fluctuate throughout the cardiac cycle as depolarization and repolarization progress [3]. The mean electrical axis…

…sensitive and specific for myocardial injury. Elevated levels of cardiac troponins is firm evidence of myocardial necrosis (i.e infarction). This is explained by the…

…imaging. Some measurements are still done using M mode echocardiography. A formal consensus regarding the components of the standard study has not been established, although…

…produce demonstrable ischaemia. Functional assessment with pressure or flow measurements, intravascular imaging, or fractional flow reserve derived from computed tomography can refine interpretation. Coronary plaque…

…a suitable vein). Standby access in a patient at risk of rapid deterioration. Intraosseous access: Cardiac arrest where venous access is not immediately available. Shock…

…interpreted in isolation. The initial diagnosis and triage depend on integration of symptoms, vital signs, the ECG, and serial cardiac troponin measurements. Evaluation and physical…

…serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic myocardial injury . Myocardial injury is not synonymous with myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin…

…and permits delineation of the coronary lumen. Coronary imaging is technically demanding because the vessels are small and are subject to both cardiac and respiratory…

…with sleep apnoea Hypertension with atrial fibrillation in the absence of an underlying structural cardiac explanation Early onset hypertension or cerebrovascular accident at a young…

…of increased cardiovascular risk and a setting in which secondary hypertension is relatively common. Patients presumed to have resistant hypertension should undergo a structured assessment…

…information. Coronary pressure measurements permit assessment of the physiological significance of selected stenoses using fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave free ratio (iFR). Other…

…Echocardiographic assessment of mitral stenosis includes visual and 2D imaging, as well as Doppler measurements to assess the degree of stenosis and evaluation of complications…

…the maximum arterial pulsatile pressure during systole. With auscultatory measurement, it corresponds to the appearance of the first Korotkoff sound. Diastolic blood pressure: the minimum…

…using pulsed Doppler. Estimating left ventricular filling pressure via e' . Measurement of deceleration time (DT) . Diastolic function can be estimated from E/A ratio, e'…

…employed to evaluate myocardial perfusion by measuring the intensity of their uptake within the myocardium. Furthermore, certain radiotracers enable direct measurement of coronary blood flow…

…measurement are depicted. ECG interpretation requires knowledge of these waves and intervals. The P wave, PR interval and PR segment ECG interpretation starts with assessment…

…high Lp(a) level may lead to substantial underestimation of cardiovascular risk. Conversely, Lp(a) measurement provides limited additional reclassification beyond currently recommended global risk…

…Ejection fraction is routinely examined at rest, which does not reveal the functional (maximum) capacity of the left ventricle, as this would require measuring the…

…25% Normal FS, 2D measurement 18% Advantages of fractional shortening If ventricular geometry is normal and there are no regional wall motion abnormalities, then fractional…

…with its most common waveforms. Important intervals and points of measurement are depicted. ECG interpretation requires knowledge of these waves and intervals. The P wave…

…is highly dependent on the precision of the Doppler measurement. The Doppler beam must be parallel to the direction of the blood flow (refer to…

[calc_aorta] Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) and Aortic Root Assessment The sinus of Valsalva diameter (SOVd) is a critical measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology…

…preferably confirmation by home measurement or 24 hour recording — the thresholds for which are lower than for office measurement. Classification of office blood pressure Category…

…test to be conclusive. For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication is continued…

…e.g left ventricular diameter, are evaluated in several views in order to assess the reliability and reproducibility of the measurements. The parasternal and apical…

…Insert a urinary catheter and start hourly urine output measurement. 5. Give a bolus of sodium bicarbonate 1–2 mmol/kg intravenously in symptomatic salicylate…

…22 above 70 years, and reduced food intake together form the basis of most screening instruments and should prompt a nutritional assessment. See also unintentional…

…aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement is therefore always part of the initial stroke assessment [1]. Treat immediately when there are symptoms…

…assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of…

…How to measure the QT interval Measurement of the QT interval may be difficult due to T wave changes. Causes of prolonged QTc duration Antiarrhythmics …

…by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart failure. In 2014 the PARADIGM HF study introduced a new drug class…

…by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart failure. In 2014 the PARADIGM HF study introduced a new drug class…

…can be determined since the speed of ultrasound is constant in the body. The investigator specifies where the measurement should be performed by moving the…

…up and staging of lymphoma and myeloma. Suspected bone marrow metastasis. Assessment of treatment response and measurement of residual disease (MRD). Fever of unknown origin…

…still and lowered at each measurement, and not to talk. Otherwise ordinary activities, including work. No showering or bathing. A diary of going to bed…

…Neurological status, urine output, creatinine, acid–base status and signs of myocardial ischaemia must be monitored during treatment [4,6]. Important exceptions Condition Overall strategy…

…with vasculitis Individual assessment Repeat the ABI every three to six months during ongoing compression therapy, and always in the event of new or increasing…

…before starting treatment. Clinical assessment History that affects the level of risk Ask briefly and to the point: When did the deterioration begin, suddenly or…

…resolved. Capillary measurement of beta hydroxybutyrate has high diagnostic accuracy [2]. A venous blood gas is generally sufficient for the assessment of pH and bicarbonate…

…tau). Measurement of the opening pressure in suspected idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Therapeutic drainage in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and in assessment before shunt surgery. Contraindications Clinical…

…impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a critically ill patient. Perioperatively and postoperatively in longer procedures…