Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

…factors. Plaque erosion Plaque erosion is increasingly recognized and is present in at least one third of acute coronary syndromes in the cited material. Eroded…

…for stroke even at blood pressure levels that might otherwise be considered only moderately elevated. The syndrome can produce widespread maternal complications, including pulmonary oedema…

…fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and is also a common tachyarrhythmia requiring treatment in decompensated…

…a spectrum of rhythm disturbances characterized by an inappropriately slow heart rate. Within the context of acute coronary syndromes, particularly ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)…

…is associated with hypertension and blood pressure variability, while obesity and hypertension together promote left ventricular hypertrophy and kidney injury. The syndrome is therefore both…

…The underlying aetiology is heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity…

…haematoma that compresses the true lumen. The resulting reduction in coronary blood flow may produce myocardial ischaemia, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI), or…

…The source material does not describe a characteristic symptom profile at initiation or during routine therapy. Potential clinically important complications and treatment related syndromes include…

…Hemorrhagic stroke implies bleeding directly into the brain parenchyma. The most common underlying etiology is hypertension. Ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral artery is occluded…

…itself promotes cardiovascular disease and amplifies cardiovascular and all cause mortality. The excess risk is mediated by the combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity…

…delivered within 5 minutes following the maternal cardiac arrest. Within the context of pregnancy, hypovolemia and other etiologies of hypotension remain the predominant causes of…

…diuretic during the initiation of an ACE inhibitor to prevent symptomatic hypotension. Diagnostics The source material does not cover specific diagnostic modalities such as ECG…

…The source material describes hypertension using differing thresholds across international guidance. One framework defines confirmed hypertension as blood pressure consistently above 130/80 mmHg on…

…vascular tone. Accordingly, the source material describes no haemodynamic or contractility effects attributable to ivabradine. Because its action is exerted in the sinus node, it…

…Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) acts primarily as a vasopressor. While detailed receptor pharmacology is not specified in the source material, it is utilised alongside inotropes in acute…

…by manifestations of severe right ventricular failure. Typical findings include: Jugular venous distension Kussmaul’s sign Hepatomegaly Hypotension, which may or may not be present…

…symptoms. Typical acute manifestations include severe pain, hypotension and abdominal tenderness. Leakage or rupture is life threatening and requires emergency operation or endovascular repair. AAA…

…material does not describe the typical symptoms or symptom burden of uncomplicated hypertension. It does, however, identify symptomatic hypotension and symptoms suggestive of orthostatic hypotension…

Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…blood pressure. The source material does not provide an exhaustive list of such agents. Resistant hypertension Resistant hypertension is not regarded as a discrete disease;…

…in the European guideline definition. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material does not describe a distinctive symptom profile for resistant hypertension. In clinical practice…

…effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias…

…glucose metabolism, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, endothelial biology and platelet related pathways. The source material also describes possible antiarrhythmic effects, associated with reductions in sudden cardiac…

…material emphasizes that patients and families should be educated to recognize chest discomfort or dyspnoea as potentially indicating myocardial infarction, particularly in individuals with hypertension…

…in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood. Platelets adhere…

…PAD, or other atherosclerotic disease; diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors; smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour; family history, particularly in the broader assessment of…

…Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics…

…occur in patients with severe coronary artery disease, defined in the source material as stenosis greater than 70%, and are an important reason that patients…

…a wound that needs to be inspected — use a windowed splint or external fixation. Established or impending compartment syndrome. An unstable fracture requiring operative fixation…

…live insect As soon as possible — kill it first; the patient is in great distress Organic material (peas, beans) The same day — it swells when…

…with mild inflammation Splinting with a cotton wisp Ingrown nail with moderate inflammation Splinting with a strip of suture material or a drain Ingrown nail…

…where the base cannot be inspected or irrigated clean. Wounds with retained foreign material or devitalised tissue that cannot be removed. A clinically infected wound…

…pathway, whereas P2Y12 receptor antagonists inhibit a separate platelet activation pathway. The principal oral P2Y12 inhibitors discussed in the source material are clopidogrel, prasugrel, and…

…denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction…

…eliminate it. Angiographic restenosis—defined in the source material as follow up diameter stenosis greater than 50%—occurred in 20–30% of patients, while clinically…

…exceeding those seen with native vessel PCI. Mechanisms The principal mechanism is distal embolization of atheromatous and thrombotic material. Plaque or thrombus may be dislodged…

…Definition and pathophysiological context Non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is considered within the spectrum of non ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS)…

…territory. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material addresses posterior infarction primarily in the context of suspected acute coronary syndrome and acute myocardial ischaemia. Patients…

…material does not cover the baseline clinical presentation and symptoms of the arrhythmias for which sotalol is prescribed. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material…

…platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation…

…Culture swab, microbiology request form. Drainage material: rubber dam drain, a strip cut from a glove, petrolatum impregnated packing strip or a vessel loop for…

…10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, normal saline to flush all lumens, suture material or a securement device, transparent dressing. Monitoring throughout the procedure: ECG…

…Prevention of recurrence after a healed venous ulcer. After deep vein thrombosis with post thrombotic syndrome. Differential diagnosis Feature Venous ulcer Arterial ulcer Diabetic foot…

…only one that will go in. The rule that saves time is simple: two attempts or 90 seconds — then go intraosseous. Indications Peripheral venous cannula:…

…bag or a vacuum bottle. Drainage: a chest drain, an underwater seal unit, suture material, a size 11 scalpel, artery forceps. Sample tubes according to…

…of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (SFAI), together with the antidotes. Material for immobilisation: a shoulder sling, a dorsal backslab, and a colleague to help…

…The material determines how long the catheter may stay: all silicone and latex with a hydrogel or silicone elastomer coating may remain for up to…

…73 m2. In patients with relatively normal renal function, defined in the source material as eGFR above 60 mL/min, the risk is low. In…

…for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high risk settings described in the source material…

…manifestations of coronary, cerebral or peripheral arterial disease, although the source material does not specify symptom patterns in detail. Physical manifestations Tendinous xanthomas, particularly over…

…approximately 20–50%. Their greater analytical sensitivity improves diagnostic accuracy and negative predictive value in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Cardiac troponin is…

…risks loss of suppression. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe specific symptoms or physical manifestations of HTG. Moderate HTG is primarily…

…tomography (OCT) provide cross sectional information about plaque morphology and may clarify the mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome or guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)…

…activity (PEA). Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination maneuvers for patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

…is variable. Patients may have: Stable angina or an anginal equivalent Exertional dyspnoea or reduced exercise tolerance Acute coronary syndrome Silent ischaemia Heart failure, particularly…

…may include systemic arterial embolic manifestations. The source material does not provide a detailed catalogue of specific embolic syndromes. Clinical suspicion should be heightened after…

…and acute MI procedures. Distal embolization of atheromatous or thrombotic material is an important proposed mechanism. No reflow may produce major short and long term…

…and infarction Definition and clinical rationale Stable angina, or chronic chest pain attributable to suspected chronic coronary syndrome, is evaluated by estimating the likelihood of…

…Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease…