…live insect As soon as possible — kill it first; the patient is in great distress Organic material (peas, beans) The same day — it swells when…

…after delivery. New onset postpartum preeclampsia is increasingly recognized as a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during the postpartum period. Maternal and obstetric…

CPR Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth All healthcare units capable of managing pregnant women in cardiac arrest should engage in specialized clinical training to…

…not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics, while the biopsy shows marrow architecture and cellularity…

…available source material. Waist circumference is particularly important because intra abdominal, or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk…

…defined in the source material as stenosis greater than 70%, and are an important reason that patients are referred for coronary artery bypass grafting rather…

…The source material does not describe a characteristic symptom profile at initiation or during routine therapy. Potential clinically important complications and treatment related syndromes include…

…takes longer to set Synthetic cast material (fibreglass) Lighter, stronger, radiolucent, tolerates moisture better, more expensive and stiffer to mould Elastic bandage Holds the slab…

…and soaks alone Ingrown nail with mild inflammation Splinting with a cotton wisp Ingrown nail with moderate inflammation Splinting with a strip of suture material…

…contamination, not poor suture technique — and the commonest cause of permanent loss of function is a tendon injury that was sutured over without being found…

…The source material does not cover specific diagnostic modalities such as ECG, imaging, or electrophysiology in relation to ACE inhibitor therapy. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings…

…exact exposure threshold and duration required are not established. The source material identifies chronic intake of approximately 60 g daily in males and 40 g…

…a separate platelet activation pathway. The principal oral P2Y12 inhibitors discussed in the source material are clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor. Combining aspirin with a P2Y12…

…the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness. The clinical relationship between AF and acute deterioration is often bidirectional. AF with…

…presenting as cardiovascular collapse and cardiac arrest. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination or general…

…or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, arrhythmias, thyroid disease, iron deficiency and anaemia, kidney dysfunction…

…source material does not provide the individual ARC HBR criteria. Modification of antiplatelet therapy may involve: reducing the duration of DAPT; stopping aspirin and continuing…

…dyslipidaemia, endothelial biology and platelet related pathways. The source material also describes possible antiarrhythmic effects, associated with reductions in sudden cardiac death and atrial fibrillation…

…polymeric or polymer free drug delivery system, and an antiproliferative agent. Their development has improved procedural safety, reduced repeat revascularization, and broadened the range of…

…and daily function. Decisions should incorporate the confirmed blood pressure level, absolute cardiovascular risk, comorbidities, frailty, anticipated treatment benefit, and patient preferences. The source material…

…in the source material differs from the trial based threshold: ivabradine was approved for patients with HFrEF, LVEF <35%, sinus rhythm and resting heart rate…

…exceeding those seen with native vessel PCI. Mechanisms The principal mechanism is distal embolization of atheromatous and thrombotic material. Plaque or thrombus may be dislodged…

…Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide a detailed description of the physical examination maneuvers specific to the evaluation of patients requiring…

…material does not provide a detailed description of the presenting symptoms of NSTEMI. It does identify several clinical manifestations that indicate particularly high risk and…

…territory. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material addresses posterior infarction primarily in the context of suspected acute coronary syndrome and acute myocardial ischaemia. Patients…

…pre and postcapillary PH (CpcPH) 20 mmHg 15 mmHg 2 Wood units Unclassified PH 20 mmHg ≤15 mmHg ≤2 Wood units The source material also…

…secondary cause The medical and medication histories should specifically assess drugs or substances that may increase blood pressure. The source material does not provide an…

…prolongs the QT interval and the PR interval, while leaving the QRS duration largely unchanged. Continuous ECG monitoring is mandated during hospital initiation to detect…

…during pregnancy or after delivery. The clinical context is particularly important. SCAD should be considered in a young or middle aged woman with ACS and

…with it at hospital admission; approximately 90% deteriorate during hospitalization. Patients who develop shock often have severe multivessel coronary disease and progressive, “piece meal” necrosis…

…presenting feature. The source material emphasizes that patients and families should be educated to recognize chest discomfort or dyspnoea as potentially indicating myocardial infarction, particularly…

…high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation, aggregation, and fibrin formation. Within a…

…factors. Plaque erosion Plaque erosion is increasingly recognized and is present in at least one third of acute coronary syndromes in the cited material. Eroded…

…27 G and 21 G needles. Irrigation fluid (NaCl 9 mg/mL) and a 20 mL syringe. Culture swab, microbiology request form. Drainage material: rubber…

…to flush all lumens, suture material or a securement device, transparent dressing. Monitoring throughout the procedure: ECG, pulse oximetry and blood pressure. Before puncture: check…

…of material and bandaging technique. Procedure Assessment 1. History: duration, previous ulcers, DVT, varicose veins, claudication, diabetes, smoking, character of the pain. 2. Measure and…

…of a fine needle, and collapsed veins mean that the fine needle is in addition the only one that will go in. The rule that…

…unit, suture material, a size 11 scalpel, artery forceps. Sample tubes according to the table below, and blood culture bottles. Suction and oxygen to hand…

…Preparation and equipment An examination couch that can be lowered, preferably allowing the prone position. Monitoring: pulse oximetry, blood pressure, ECG and capnography during sedation…

…saline — the salt can crystallise and block the valve. The material determines how long the catheter may stay: all silicone and latex with a hydrogel…

…either during routine abdominal examination or incidentally on imaging performed for another indication. When palpable, an AAA may present as a pulsatile, expansile and generally…

…office measurement is consequently central to diagnosis and long term management. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe the typical symptoms or…

…Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Asymptomatic disease Many patients with carotid stenosis have no focal neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic disease may be discovered during targeted duplex ultrasound…

…Definition and terminology Contrast associated acute kidney injury is an acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly during cardiovascular…

…atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high risk settings described in the source material. The statin should be prescribed at the highest tolerated dose…

…source material does not specify symptom patterns in detail. Physical manifestations Tendinous xanthomas, particularly over extensor tendons, are characteristic clinical manifestations of untreated FH and…

…source material does not provide a detailed list of physical examination findings or a specific examination sequence. It does, however, emphasize that symptoms and vital…

…risks loss of suppression. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe specific symptoms or physical manifestations of HTG. Moderate HTG is primarily…

…generally favoured within 14 days of symptom onset in the source material. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Aortic dissection is an uncommon cause of acute chest…

…symptoms, findings from non invasive testing and the anticipated effect of the result on management. ICA with available coronary pressure assessment is recommended in patients…

…Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination maneuvers for patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics Electrocardiography and Ambulatory…

…heart failure, haemodynamic compromise and rhythm disturbance. The source material does not provide a specific examination profile or diagnostic physical signs for LMCAD. Diagnostic Assessment…

…discovered during post infarction imaging. When embolization occurs, presentation depends on the vascular territory involved and may include systemic arterial embolic manifestations. The source material…

…and acute MI procedures. Distal embolization of atheromatous or thrombotic material is an important proposed mechanism. No reflow may produce major short and long term…

…decision to test and may identify patients who require preventive therapy even when functional testing is normal. Probability categories The source material describes several clinically…

…in the European guideline definition. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material does not describe a distinctive symptom profile for resistant hypertension. In clinical practice…

…inferior myocardial infarction. The available source material emphasizes the haemodynamic and physical manifestations rather than providing a separate catalogue of symptom patterns. The severity of…

…rupture or erosion. The relative contributions of plaque disease and thrombus vary considerably. Thrombotic material may embolize distally and cause additional myocyte necrosis. Plaque disruption…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

…and for emboli arising in the proximal aorta. Cardioembolism is the cause of 30% of all ischemic strokes. Embolic material Cardiac emboli may consist of…