…the specific context of perioperative care in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), progression of right heart failure may indicate the need for inodilator therapy…

…antihypertensive drug therapy. For grade 1 hypertension, pharmacological treatment has demonstrated cardiovascular benefit, although in younger individuals with low short term risk, lifetime benefit should…

…compressible if bleeding occurs, low risk of pneumothorax Uncomfortable for an awake patient, harder to keep the dressing clean with a tracheostomy or copious secretions…

…practice and the guidelines of the Swedish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (SFAI), together with the antidotes. Material for immobilisation: a shoulder sling…

…information obtained from longer serial intervals. Clinical Presentation and Initial Clinical Context Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom initiating evaluation for ACS…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Bradycardia and conduction disorders arise from dysfunction within the sinus node, the atrioventricular node (AVN…

…or previous angina. Patients should be advised to seek emergency medical assistance rather than self presenting to an emergency department or contacting primary care first…

…results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and…

…Take care in impaired sensation (neuropathy, spinal cord injury) — the patient does not feel the pressure sore. Preparation and equipment Material Comment : : Stockinette Innermost against…

…to its depth, and has not been assessed for tendon and nerve injury will heal badly however neatly the suture is placed. The commonest cause…

…a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical histories should undergo appropriate screening for secondary hypertension…

…term relationship with cardiovascular risk is therefore graded, although practical clinical care requires diagnostic and treatment thresholds. The 2024 European guideline defines hypertension as an…

…request form. Drainage material: rubber dam drain, a strip cut from a glove, petrolatum impregnated packing strip or a vessel loop for loop drainage. Gauze…

…3 compression stocking. Tape measure for ankle circumference — this governs the choice of material and bandaging technique. Procedure Assessment 1. History: duration, previous ulcers, DVT…

…pattern in every case; it may represent the posterior component of a broader infarct territory. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material addresses posterior infarction…

…patients, microvascular obstruction or epicardial spasm may account for the ischaemia. STEMI usually results from rapid thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic coronary artery. Slowly…

…The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations…

…less mobile. Echocardiography is the first place method for detecting vegetation in case of suspicion of endocarditis. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has a sensitivity of about…

…and the potential for stroke even at blood pressure levels that might otherwise be considered only moderately elevated. The syndrome can produce widespread maternal complications…

…cava inferior is very low, such that the vein can be fully compressed in the supine position in a cardiac arrest. For women beyond the…

…Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics…

…coexistence of defined clinical and laboratory components; the diagnostic criteria themselves are not reproduced in the available source material. Waist circumference is particularly important because…

…identified CTO without demonstrable ischaemia or viable myocardium provides a less compelling basis for intervention. The source material does not provide a distinct symptom profile…

…in the source material are canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin; sotagliflozin is a related dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor. SGLT2 is a high capacity, low affinity transporter…

…available. Do not then try "by feel" — refer to ENT. Relative — a low threshold for referral: Marked swelling or inflammation around the object. A small…

…nitrate. Electrocautery or a heated paper clip for trephination. Antibiotic ointment, a non adherent dressing, gauze. The digital block Anaesthetise from the dorsal aspect, one…

…and Symptoms The source material does not provide specific information on the clinical presentation and symptoms of the underlying conditions for which ACE inhibitors are…

…Habitual heavy consumption is defined in the source material as at least eight drinks weekly in females or at least 15 drinks weekly in males…

…role Aspirin remains the traditional antiplatelet agent for long term secondary prevention in patients with established coronary disease, including those with or without previous MI…

…bradyarrhythmic arrest and asystole represent severe manifestations of impulse generation or conduction failure. The pathophysiology of these events may stem from reversible causes, including hypovolemia…

…Association (NYHA) classification. The source material specifically frames many pharmacological recommendations for patients with symptomatic NYHA class II–IV HFrEF. Advanced or refractory heart failure…

…for which the evidence and recommendations differ from those applicable to elective PCI. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe a distinct…

…coronary disease found fewer cardiovascular events with Mediterranean dietary interventions than with low fat control diets. In one trial of patients with previous myocardial infarction…

…anticipated need for non cardiac surgery, procedural complexity, and the relative merits of PCI and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Definition and Pathophysiology From balloon…

…level C. The European regulatory threshold described in the source material differs from the trial based threshold: ivabradine was approved for patients with HFrEF, LVEF…

…of thrombotic or atheroembolic material, but pharmacological and mechanical strategies directed specifically at reperfusion injury have not generally demonstrated sufficient clinical benefit for routine use…

…risk characteristics and therefore potentially suitable for a selective invasive approach? Is the clinical likelihood of true NSTE ACS low enough that non invasive evaluation…

…is essential for identifying a precapillary pulmonary vascular component. PAWP is used to distinguish pulmonary venous hypertension caused by left heart disease from pulmonary vascular…

…material does not cover the baseline clinical presentation and symptoms of the arrhythmias for which sotalol is prescribed. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material…

…sudden cardiac death. SCAD differs pathogenetically from atherosclerotic type 1 MI. It is an infrequent cause of ACS overall but represents a substantial proportion of…

…It is a PCI related myocardial infarction when angiography or autopsy documents thrombosis and the diagnostic criteria used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled…

…enough. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL to anaesthetise the marrow cavity in a conscious patient. Fixation material for the intraosseous needle. Procedure Peripheral venous cannula 1…

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

…The material determines how long the catheter may stay: all silicone and latex with a hydrogel or silicone elastomer coating may remain for up to…

…The source material does not provide a detailed standardized physical examination protocol beyond assessment for a pulsatile abdominal mass and associated manifestations. Screening for AAA…

…carotid bruit is an important marker of cardiovascular risk, although the source material does not provide diagnostic sensitivity or specificity for bruit detection. Its pr

…with relatively normal renal function, defined in the source material as eGFR above 60 mL/min, the risk is low. In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary…

…dL), and at least a 50% reduction from baseline. For a patient who experiences a recurrent atherothrombotic event while receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy, an…

…is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature…

…not recommended in individuals with previous virological failure if it risks loss of suppression. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe specific…

…the intima. Intramural haematoma differs from classic dissection because haemorrhage occurs within the media without imaging evidence of an intimal tear or flap. AAS is…

…injection under fluoroscopy. The procedure is performed by advancing guidewires and diagnostic catheters from a percutaneous arterial access site to the aortic root, engaging the…

…haemodynamic compromise and rhythm disturbance. The source material does not provide a specific examination profile or diagnostic physical signs for LMCAD. Diagnostic Assessment Coronary angiography…

…may include systemic arterial embolic manifestations. The source material does not provide a detailed catalogue of specific embolic syndromes. Clinical suspicion should be heightened after…

…the postprocedural increase results from the index MI and how much is related to the intervention. Diagnostic criteria General principles For events occurring within 48…

…very low likelihood of obstructive CAD and may reduce unnecessary diagnostic testing. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) provides additional information. A quantitative CAC score from dedicated…

…resistant hypertension should be reserved for patients in whom the diagnosis has been carefully confirmed. Apparent resistant hypertension may result from: Inaccurate or inconsistent blood…

…looking for Kussmaul’s sign Hepatomegaly as evidence of systemic venous congestion Blood pressure and evidence of hypotension Clinical evidence of low cardiac output or…

…time. Experimentally, necrosis advances from the subendocardium towards the subepicardium over several hours. The extent and tempo of injury are influenced by collateral flow, myocardial…