…AF may be pre existing, newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness. The clinical relationship between AF…

…women without pre existing heart disease, such as in peripartum cardiomyopathy, or secondary to known cardiac conditions; in these patients, symptoms may be challenging to…

…large full body drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, normal saline to flush all lumens, suture material or a securement device, transparent dressing…

…practice and the guidelines of the Swedish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (SFAI), together with the antidotes. Material for immobilisation: a shoulder sling…

…has been abandoned in the modern literature for commercial preparations at normal concentrations; be cautious nonetheless in known peripheral vascular disease and follow local practice…

…a small lipid core, the pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) is driven by the sudden destabilization of these lesions, a process known as atherothrombosis…

…or pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination maneuvers for patients with…

…or previous angina. Patients should be advised to seek emergency medical assistance rather than self presenting to an emergency department or contacting primary care first…

…in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood. Platelets adhere…

…or very old or frail patients who may not tolerate rapid blood pressure reduction. Initial Combination Therapy General Strategy For most adults with confirmed hypertension…

…a tendon injury, or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture…

…a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical histories should undergo appropriate screening for secondary hypertension…

…clinical care requires diagnostic and treatment thresholds. The 2024 European guideline defines hypertension as an office systolic blood pressure (SBP) of ≥140 mmHg or diastolic…

…request form. Drainage material: rubber dam drain, a strip cut from a glove, petrolatum impregnated packing strip or a vessel loop for loop drainage. Gauze…

…ECG, and normal initial troponin may be observed in a chest pain unit or another non intensive care setting while serial testing is completed. Diagnostic…

…lidocaine–prilocaine) or infiltration anaesthesia for painful debridement. Wound bed dressing chosen by exudate volume, edge protection (zinc paste, barrier film). Compression materials: two layer…

…material addresses posterior infarction primarily in the context of suspected acute coronary syndrome and acute myocardial ischaemia. Patients may present with acute chest pain or…

…In some of these patients, microvascular obstruction or epicardial spasm may account for the ischaemia. STEMI usually results from rapid thrombotic occlusion of a previously…

…less mobile. Echocardiography is the first place method for detecting vegetation in case of suspicion of endocarditis. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has a sensitivity of about…

…elevated. The syndrome can produce widespread maternal complications, including pulmonary oedema, renal insufficiency, hepatic injury, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, cerebrovascular events, hepatic capsule rupture, placental abruption, disseminated…

…of the vena cava can be accomplished using a wedge board (or any hard material) to tilt the body 15 to 30° to the left…

…or sternal needle with stylet) and a Jamshidi type biopsy needle. Syringes: a small 5–10 mL syringe for the first aspirate, larger syringes for…

…laboratory components; the diagnostic criteria themselves are not reproduced in the available source material. Waist circumference is particularly important because intra abdominal, or visceral, adipose…

…ischaemia or viable myocardium provides a less compelling basis for intervention. The source material does not provide a distinct symptom profile, physical examination pattern or…

…HFrEF), with or without diabetes Heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum, according to the guideline key points Patients with renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease…

…age of three account for the majority of cases, and the great majority of objects can be removed in general practice or in the emergency…

…cotton wisp Ingrown nail with moderate inflammation Splinting with a strip of suture material or a drain Ingrown nail, severe or recurrent Partial nail avulsion…

…and Symptoms The source material does not provide specific information on the clinical presentation and symptoms of the underlying conditions for which ACE inhibitors are…

…or 1.5 fluid ounces of 40% distilled spirits. Habitual heavy consumption is defined in the source material as at least eight drinks weekly in…

…role Aspirin remains the traditional antiplatelet agent for long term secondary prevention in patients with established coronary disease, including those with or without previous MI…

…to bradycardia management involves identifying and treating any underlying conditions or reversible causes. The first step in treating sinus bradycardia is to discontinue any medications…

…The source material specifically frames many pharmacological recommendations for patients with symptomatic NYHA class II–IV HFrEF. Advanced or refractory heart failure should be considered…

…defined by the presence of at least one major criterion or two minor criteria. The source material does not provide the individual ARC HBR criteria…

…the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed…

…BMS now account for less than 10% of contemporary PCI procedures according to the source material. First generation DES The first widely used DES included…

…level C. The European regulatory threshold described in the source material differs from the trial based threshold: ivabradine was approved for patients with HFrEF, LVEF…

…of thrombotic or atheroembolic material, but pharmacological and mechanical strategies directed specifically at reperfusion injury have not generally demonstrated sufficient clinical benefit for routine use…

…with suspected ACS are categorized into a STEMI pathway or an NSTE ACS pathway according to the initial ECG and clinical presentation. For suspected NSTE…

…units Unclassified PH 20 mmHg ≤15 mmHg ≤2 Wood units The source material also presents a CpcPH threshold of PVR ≥3 Wood units in an…

…material does not cover the baseline clinical presentation and symptoms of the arrhythmias for which sotalol is prescribed. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material…

…can occur at any stage of pregnancy or after delivery, although more than 70% of cases occur early postpartum, most frequently during the first week…

…5% per year beyond the first year, although the available material does not establish a significant increase in late morbidity or mortality attributable to these…

…vein suspected of thrombosis or previously thrombophlebitic. Intraosseous access (absolute, for the bone in question): A fracture of the bone to be punctured, or a…

…where the neurovascular bundle lies, and the drainage is stopped for coughing, chest pain, or when the volume limit is reached. Indications Diagnostic aspiration: a…

…before attempting Relative A known urethral stricture Relative Acute prostatitis or urethritis Relative Latex allergy (choose an all silicone catheter) Where urethral injury is suspected…

…thresholds. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Most AAAs are asymptomatic and are identified either during routine abdominal examination or incidentally on imaging performed for another indication…

…carotid bruit is an important marker of cardiovascular risk, although the source material does not provide diagnostic sensitivity or specificity for bruit detection. Its pr

…or percutaneous coronary intervention. The preferred terminology is contrast associated AKI when temporal association is present; contrast induced AKI should be reserved for the smaller…

…bempedoic acid in selected patients, particularly those with statin intolerance or persistent failure to reach goal. For statin intolerant patients, ezetimibe may be used initially…

…may include manifestations of coronary, cerebral or peripheral arterial disease, although the source material does not specify symptom patterns in detail. Physical manifestations Tendinous xanthomas…

…non HDL C and apolipoprotein B. Causes and secondary contributors A search for secondary contributors is an essential first step. Recognised causes include: Diabetes and…

…sharp or stabbing. Its location and radiation may reflect the segment of aorta involved, although the source material does not provide a detailed symptom to…

…ACS occurs without significant obstructive CAD or when more than one potential culprit lesion is present. Clinical Indications Suspected Chronic Coronary Syndrome The decision to…

…haemodynamic compromise and rhythm disturbance. The source material does not provide a specific examination profile or diagnostic physical signs for LMCAD. Diagnostic Assessment Coronary angiography…

…The source material does not provide a detailed catalogue of specific embolic syndromes. Clinical suspicion should be heightened after: Anterior STEMI. A large or transmural…

…and acute MI procedures. Distal embolization of atheromatous or thrombotic material is an important proposed mechanism. No reflow may produce major short and long term…

…and infarction Definition and clinical rationale Stable angina, or chronic chest pain attributable to suspected chronic coronary syndrome, is evaluated by estimating the likelihood of…

…hypertension should be reserved for patients in whom the diagnosis has been carefully confirmed. Apparent resistant hypertension may result from: Inaccurate or inconsistent blood pressure…

…of right sided ST segment elevation supports the diagnosis, although the source material does not provide sensitivity, specificity, or threshold criteria. Echocardiography Two dimensional echoca

…plaque rupture or erosion Type 2 MI caused by oxygen supply–demand imbalance unrelated to acute atherothrombosis Type 3 Cardiac death with suspected acute ischaemia…