…activity (PEA). Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination maneuvers for patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

…previous angina. Patients should be advised to seek emergency medical assistance rather than self presenting to an emergency department or contacting primary care first. If…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

…critically ill patient, AF may be pre existing, newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness. The clinical…

…the specific context of perioperative care in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), progression of right heart failure may indicate the need for inodilator therapy…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

…Take care in impaired sensation (neuropathy, spinal cord injury) — the patient does not feel the pressure sore. Preparation and equipment Material Comment : : Stockinette Innermost against…

…first needle goes in. A wound that has not been irrigated clean, has not been inspected to its depth, and has not been assessed for…

…a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical histories should undergo appropriate screening for secondary hypertension…

…large full body drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, normal saline to flush all lumens, suture material or a securement device, transparent dressing…

…term relationship with cardiovascular risk is therefore graded, although practical clinical care requires diagnostic and treatment thresholds. The 2024 European guideline defines hypertension as an…

…pseudoaneurysm Surgeon, ultrasound first Other situations that argue for the operating theatre rather than the emergency room: a very large or deep abscess, a markedly…

…practice and the guidelines of the Swedish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (SFAI), together with the antidotes. Material for immobilisation: a shoulder sling…

…longer serial intervals. Clinical Presentation and Initial Clinical Context Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom initiating evaluation for ACS. Features that increase…

…in the worst case, amputation. The decisive step is therefore not the choice of dressing but the ankle brachial index before the first bandage is…

…pattern in every case; it may represent the posterior component of a broader infarct territory. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material addresses posterior infarction…

…vulnerable plaque” describes an atherosclerotic lesion thought to be susceptible to disruption and thrombosis. Typical features include a lipid rich core, a thin fibrous cap…

…Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations, plaque rupture typically occurs in thin cap fibroatheromas (TCFAs). These vulnerable plaques possess a massive necrotic lipid core…

…less mobile. Echocardiography is the first place method for detecting vegetation in case of suspicion of endocarditis. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has a sensitivity of about…

…and the potential for stroke even at blood pressure levels that might otherwise be considered only moderately elevated. The syndrome can produce widespread maternal complications…

…pads should be positioned as standard, and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed…

…Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics…

…coexistence of defined clinical and laboratory components; the diagnostic criteria themselves are not reproduced in the available source material. Waist circumference is particularly important because…

…identified CTO without demonstrable ischaemia or viable myocardium provides a less compelling basis for intervention. The source material does not provide a distinct symptom profile…

…class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The principal drugs identified in the source material are canagliflozin…

…Immediately — pressure necrosis across the septum A live insect As soon as possible — kill it first; the patient is in great distress Organic material (peas…

…with mild inflammation Splinting with a cotton wisp Ingrown nail with moderate inflammation Splinting with a strip of suture material or a drain Ingrown nail…

…and Symptoms The source material does not provide specific information on the clinical presentation and symptoms of the underlying conditions for which ACE inhibitors are…

…Habitual heavy consumption is defined in the source material as at least eight drinks weekly in females or at least 15 drinks weekly in males…

…pathway, whereas P2Y12 receptor antagonists inhibit a separate platelet activation pathway. The principal oral P2Y12 inhibitors discussed in the source material are clopidogrel, prasugrel, and…

…such as less than 40 to 50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after an acute infarction—patients may develop hypotension…

…Association (NYHA) classification. The source material specifically frames many pharmacological recommendations for patients with symptomatic NYHA class II–IV HFrEF. Advanced or refractory heart failure…

…for which the evidence and recommendations differ from those applicable to elective PCI. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe a distinct…

…the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed…

…BMS now account for less than 10% of contemporary PCI procedures according to the source material. First generation DES The first widely used DES included…

…level C. The European regulatory threshold described in the source material differs from the trial based threshold: ivabradine was approved for patients with HFrEF, LVEF…

…of thrombotic or atheroembolic material, but pharmacological and mechanical strategies directed specifically at reperfusion injury have not generally demonstrated sufficient clinical benefit for routine use…

…procedural complications and bleeding. Clinical presentation The available source material does not provide a detailed description of the presenting symptoms of NSTEMI. It does identify…

…units Unclassified PH 20 mmHg ≤15 mmHg ≤2 Wood units The source material also presents a CpcPH threshold of PVR ≥3 Wood units in an…

…material does not cover the baseline clinical presentation and symptoms of the arrhythmias for which sotalol is prescribed. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material…

…carotid, vertebral and coronary arteries. In one study cited in the source material, FMD was identified in 86% of patients with SCAD. SCAD should therefore…

…approximately 0.2%–0.5% per year beyond the first year, although the available material does not establish a significant increase in late morbidity or…

…enough. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL to anaesthetise the marrow cavity in a conscious patient. Fixation material for the intraosseous needle. Procedure Peripheral venous cannula 1…

…of the rib, never at the lower border where the neurovascular bundle lies, and the drainage is stopped for coughing, chest pain, or when the…

…The material determines how long the catheter may stay: all silicone and latex with a hydrogel or silicone elastomer coating may remain for up to…

…The source material does not provide a detailed standardized physical examination protocol beyond assessment for a pulsatile abdominal mass and associated manifestations. Screening for AAA…

…carotid bruit is an important marker of cardiovascular risk, although the source material does not provide diagnostic sensitivity or specificity for bruit detection. Its pr

…temporal association is present; contrast induced AKI should be reserved for the smaller subgroup in which iodinated contrast is considered causally responsible. This distinction is…

…for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high risk settings described in the source material…

…the LDL receptor gene, LDLR, which account for most cases. Variants in APOB that impair apolipoprotein B binding to the LDL receptor. Gain of function…

…non HDL C and apolipoprotein B. Causes and secondary contributors A search for secondary contributors is an essential first step. Recognised causes include: Diabetes and…

…malperfusion or rupture develops; surgery or endovascular treatment is therefore generally favoured within 14 days of symptom onset in the source material. Clinical Presentation and…

…Coronary pressure assessment is consequently recommended to complement ICA, particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of…

…haemodynamic compromise and rhythm disturbance. The source material does not provide a specific examination profile or diagnostic physical signs for LMCAD. Diagnostic Assessment Coronary angiography…

…may include systemic arterial embolic manifestations. The source material does not provide a detailed catalogue of specific embolic syndromes. Clinical suspicion should be heightened after…

…and acute MI procedures. Distal embolization of atheromatous or thrombotic material is an important proposed mechanism. No reflow may produce major short and long term…

…is normal. Probability categories The source material describes several clinically useful probability thresholds: Very low probability: less than 5% in the European guideline framework. Diagnostic…

…in the European guideline definition. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material does not describe a distinctive symptom profile for resistant hypertension. In clinical practice…

…inferior myocardial infarction. The available source material emphasizes the haemodynamic and physical manifestations rather than providing a separate catalogue of symptom patterns. The severity of…

…Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell death caused by prolonged ischaemia. The first cellular abnormalities of ischaemia include depletion of glycogen, relaxation of myofibrils, and disruption…