Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

…critically ill patient, AF may be pre existing, newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness. The clinical…

…takes longer to set Synthetic cast material (fibreglass) Lighter, stronger, radiolucent, tolerates moisture better, more expensive and stiffer to mould Elastic bandage Holds the slab…

…activity (PEA). Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination maneuvers for patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

…previous angina. Patients should be advised to seek emergency medical assistance rather than self presenting to an emergency department or contacting primary care first. If…

…the specific context of perioperative care in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), progression of right heart failure may indicate the need for inodilator therapy…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

…first needle goes in. A wound that has not been irrigated clean, has not been inspected to its depth, and has not been assessed for…

…a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical histories should undergo appropriate screening for secondary hypertension…

…large full body drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, normal saline to flush all lumens, suture material or a securement device, transparent dressing…

…term relationship with cardiovascular risk is therefore graded, although practical clinical care requires diagnostic and treatment thresholds. The 2024 European guideline defines hypertension as an…

…pseudoaneurysm Surgeon, ultrasound first Other situations that argue for the operating theatre rather than the emergency room: a very large or deep abscess, a markedly…

…practice and the guidelines of the Swedish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (SFAI), together with the antidotes. Material for immobilisation: a shoulder sling…

…longer serial intervals. Clinical Presentation and Initial Clinical Context Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom initiating evaluation for ACS. Features that increase…

…in the worst case, amputation. The decisive step is therefore not the choice of dressing but the ankle brachial index before the first bandage is…

…pattern in every case; it may represent the posterior component of a broader infarct territory. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material addresses posterior infarction…

…vulnerable plaque” describes an atherosclerotic lesion thought to be susceptible to disruption and thrombosis. Typical features include a lipid rich core, a thin fibrous cap…

…Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations, plaque rupture typically occurs in thin cap fibroatheromas (TCFAs). These vulnerable plaques possess a massive necrotic lipid core…

…less mobile. Echocardiography is the first place method for detecting vegetation in case of suspicion of endocarditis. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has a sensitivity of about…

…major contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their incidence has increased in parallel with older maternal age at first childbirth and the…

…pads should be positioned as standard, and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed…

…Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics…

…coexistence of defined clinical and laboratory components; the diagnostic criteria themselves are not reproduced in the available source material. Waist circumference is particularly important because…

…identified CTO without demonstrable ischaemia or viable myocardium provides a less compelling basis for intervention. The source material does not provide a distinct symptom profile…

…class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The principal drugs identified in the source material are canagliflozin…

…Immediately — pressure necrosis across the septum A live insect As soon as possible — kill it first; the patient is in great distress Organic material (peas…

…with mild inflammation Splinting with a cotton wisp Ingrown nail with moderate inflammation Splinting with a strip of suture material or a drain Ingrown nail…

…and Symptoms The source material does not provide specific information on the clinical presentation and symptoms of the underlying conditions for which ACE inhibitors are…

…Habitual heavy consumption is defined in the source material as at least eight drinks weekly in females or at least 15 drinks weekly in males…

…non fatal ischaemic stroke, and vascular death from 8.2% to 6.7% per year. The relative reductions were approximately 31% for non fatal MI…

…such as less than 40 to 50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after an acute infarction—patients may develop hypotension…

…Association (NYHA) classification. The source material specifically frames many pharmacological recommendations for patients with symptomatic NYHA class II–IV HFrEF. Advanced or refractory heart failure…

…of DAPT unless there is a contraindication, an indication for oral anticoagulation, or an excessive risk of bleeding. The duration and intensity may be modified…

…the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed…

…BMS now account for less than 10% of contemporary PCI procedures according to the source material. First generation DES The first widely used DES included…

…have a rate reducing effect in selected circumstances. Ivabradine undergoes extensive first pass hepatic metabolism through CYP3A4. Dose adjustment is required in severe hepatic or…

…of thrombotic or atheroembolic material, but pharmacological and mechanical strategies directed specifically at reperfusion injury have not generally demonstrated sufficient clinical benefit for routine use…

…procedural complications and bleeding. Clinical presentation The available source material does not provide a detailed description of the presenting symptoms of NSTEMI. It does identify…

…units Unclassified PH 20 mmHg ≤15 mmHg ≤2 Wood units The source material also presents a CpcPH threshold of PVR ≥3 Wood units in an…

…is mandated during hospital initiation to detect excessive QT prolongation, proarrhythmia, and severe bradycardia. Patients should be monitored for arrhythmias and QT prolongation with each…

…carotid, vertebral and coronary arteries. In one study cited in the source material, FMD was identified in 86% of patients with SCAD. SCAD should therefore…

…approximately 0.2%–0.5% per year beyond the first year, although the available material does not establish a significant increase in late morbidity or…

…enough. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL to anaesthetise the marrow cavity in a conscious patient. Fixation material for the intraosseous needle. Procedure Peripheral venous cannula 1…

…of the rib, never at the lower border where the neurovascular bundle lies, and the drainage is stopped for coughing, chest pain, or when the…

…sacral pressure sore or extensive perineal wounds where urinary leakage prevents healing. Voiding problems in neurogenic bladder dysfunction, in the first instance with clean intermittent…

…The source material does not provide a detailed standardized physical examination protocol beyond assessment for a pulsatile abdominal mass and associated manifestations. Screening for AAA…

…carotid bruit is an important marker of cardiovascular risk, although the source material does not provide diagnostic sensitivity or specificity for bruit detection. Its pr

…temporal association is present; contrast induced AKI should be reserved for the smaller subgroup in which iodinated contrast is considered causally responsible. This distinction is…

…for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high risk settings described in the source material…

…less specific for FH. Corneal arcus is particularly informative when it occurs before age 45 years. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia HoFH typically presents with: Extensive cutaneous…

…contributors A search for secondary contributors is an essential first step. Recognised causes include: Diabetes and insulin resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption…

…malperfusion or rupture develops; surgery or endovascular treatment is therefore generally favoured within 14 days of symptom onset in the source material. Clinical Presentation and…

…Coronary pressure assessment is consequently recommended to complement ICA, particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of…

…haemodynamic compromise and rhythm disturbance. The source material does not provide a specific examination profile or diagnostic physical signs for LMCAD. Diagnostic Assessment Coronary angiography…

…endocardium, typically overlying an akinetic or dyskinetic myocardial segment after myocardial infarction (MI). It is particularly associated with extensive anterior or transmural infarction, apical dysfunction…

…rapid deterioration when a large myocardial territory is jeopardized. Cardiovascular collapse after failed PCI is more likely with extensive myocardium at risk, severe baseline stenosis…

…is normal. Probability categories The source material describes several clinically useful probability thresholds: Very low probability: less than 5% in the European guideline framework. Diagnostic…

…in the European guideline definition. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material does not describe a distinctive symptom profile for resistant hypertension. In clinical practice…

…one third of patients with inferior infarction. Extensive involvement is less common in patients with inferoposterior left ventricular infarction, while infarction confined predominantly to the…

…Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell death caused by prolonged ischaemia. The first cellular abnormalities of ischaemia include depletion of glycogen, relaxation of myofibrils, and disruption…