…activity (PEA). Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination maneuvers for patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

…presenting feature. The source material emphasizes that patients and families should be educated to recognize chest discomfort or dyspnoea as potentially indicating myocardial infarction, particularly…

…in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood. Platelets adhere…

…source material include cardiac memory after abnormal ventricular activation, transient rate related conduction abnormalities, pacing related repolarization changes, and inadequate coronary flow relative to myocardial…

…Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to their…

…adherence, although prospective outcome trials have not directly established that upfront combination therapy is superior to upfront monotherapy for every patient with isolated hypertension. Single…

…A dorsal backslab or another half slab for a fresh injury, acute swelling, after reduction and before surgery. The slab allows the volume to increase…

…has not been inspected to its depth, and has not been assessed for tendon and nerve injury will heal badly however neatly the suture is…

…a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical histories should undergo appropriate screening for secondary hypertension…

…large full body drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, normal saline to flush all lumens, suture material or a securement device, transparent dressing…

…screening for an underlying secondary cause. Evaluation and physical examination Standardized office measurement Accurate technique is essential because inconsistent or incorrect measurement may lead to…

…surgeon Close to large vessels, in the groin or on the neck Bleeding, vascular injury, pseudoaneurysm Surgeon, ultrasound first Other situations that argue for the…

…of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (SFAI), together with the antidotes. Material for immobilisation: a shoulder sling, a dorsal backslab, and a colleague to help…

…longer serial intervals. Clinical Presentation and Initial Clinical Context Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom initiating evaluation for ACS. Features that increase…

…materials: two layer system, four layer system, short stretch bandage, zinc paste bandage (Unna boot), or a class 2–3 compression stocking. Tape measure for…

…pattern in every case; it may represent the posterior component of a broader infarct territory. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material addresses posterior infarction…

…account for the ischaemia. STEMI usually results from rapid thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic coronary artery. Slowly progressive severe stenoses are less likely to…

…deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by a thick fibrous cap and a small lipid core…

…Mural vegetations are attached to the endocardium and, accordingly, less mobile. Echocardiography is the first place method for detecting vegetation in case of suspicion of…

…and are major contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their incidence has increased in parallel with older maternal age at first childbirth…

…unsuccessful resuscitation within a 4 minute window, an emergent cesarean section should be considered to optimize fetal outcomes. The gestational age should ideally exceed 20…

…Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics…

…in the available source material. Waist circumference is particularly important because intra abdominal, or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and…

…a less compelling basis for intervention. The source material does not provide a distinct symptom profile, physical examination pattern or biomarker signature specific to CTOs…

…class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The principal drugs identified in the source material are canagliflozin…

…actively look for another , in the other nostril, in the ears and in the mouth. Nose 1. Ask the patient to blow the nose gently…

…clip for trephination. Antibiotic ointment, a non adherent dressing, gauze. The digital block Anaesthetise from the dorsal aspect, one injection medial and one lateral to…

…CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II…

…source material as at least eight drinks weekly in females or at least 15 drinks weekly in males, or binge drinking in either sex. Other…

…term interventions intended to reduce recurrent infarction, ischaemic stroke, cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular…

…source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination or general evaluation of patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics Electrocardiographic assessment is fundamental to the…

…Association (NYHA) classification. The source material specifically frames many pharmacological recommendations for patients with symptomatic NYHA class II–IV HFrEF. Advanced or refractory heart failure…

…for which the evidence and recommendations differ from those applicable to elective PCI. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe a distinct…

…the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed…

…shorter DAPT regimens are used. BMS now account for less than 10% of contemporary PCI procedures according to the source material. First generation DES The…

…vascular tone. Accordingly, the source material describes no haemodynamic or contractility effects attributable to ivabradine. Because its action is exerted in the sinus node, it…

…of thrombotic or atheroembolic material, but pharmacological and mechanical strategies directed specifically at reperfusion injury have not generally demonstrated sufficient clinical benefit for routine use…

…suspected ACS are categorized into a STEMI pathway or an NSTE ACS pathway according to the initial ECG and clinical presentation. For suspected NSTE ACS…

…PVR is essential for identifying a precapillary pulmonary vascular component. PAWP is used to distinguish pulmonary venous hypertension caused by left heart disease from pulmonary…

…arrhythmias for which sotalol is prescribed. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not cover the baseline physical examination of patients prior to sotalol…

… may be mistaken for vasospasm or diffuse disease Type 3 Focal or tubular stenosis resembling atherosclerosis Often requires intravascular imaging to demonstrate an intramural haematoma…

…embolize to other coronary branches or vascular beds, propagate through gaps between stent struts, and compromise the treated lumen. Conventional angiography has limited sensitivity for…

…patient. Fixation material for the intraosseous needle. Procedure Peripheral venous cannula 1. Apply the tourniquet 10–15 cm proximal to the intended puncture site, let…

…coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Relative Ongoing anticoagulant treatment — plan the aspiration for the trough level or pause the drug according to local practice Relative Skin infection…

…The material determines how long the catheter may stay: all silicone and latex with a hydrogel or silicone elastomer coating may remain for up to…

…The source material does not provide a detailed standardized physical examination protocol beyond assessment for a pulsatile abdominal mass and associated manifestations. Screening for AAA…

…high risk populations, prevalence may be sufficiently high for targeted screening to be cost effective. For asymptomatic stenosis of at least 70%, the reported 5…

…the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The kidney is particularly vulnerable to toxic injury because of its high blood…

…for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high risk settings described in the source material…

…gene, LDLR, which account for most cases. Variants in APOB that impair apolipoprotein B binding to the LDL receptor. Gain of function variants in PCSK9…

…Thresholds vary among guideline systems: Classification Fasting triglycerides Non fasting triglycerides Mild to moderate HTG 150–499 mg/dL (1.7–5.6 mmol/L…

…radiation may reflect the segment of aorta involved, although the source material does not provide a detailed symptom to anatomy correlation. Pain may be absent…

…lesion should be revascularized. Coronary pressure assessment is consequently recommended to complement ICA, particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur…

…haemodynamic compromise and rhythm disturbance. The source material does not provide a specific examination profile or diagnostic physical signs for LMCAD. Diagnostic Assessment Coronary angiography…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Left ventricular (LV) thrombus is an intracavitary clot attached to the LV endocardium, typically overlying an akinetic…

…in stent restenosis. Type 5 MI: MI related to CABG. Type 4b and type 4c events fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI. Procedural myocardial…

…the decision to test and may identify patients who require preventive therapy even when functional testing is normal. Probability categories The source material describes several…

…who therefore require assessment for pseudo resistance, secondary hypertension, treatment related contributors, and excess cardiovascular risk. The European definition requires failure to reduce office systolic…

…inferior myocardial infarction. The available source material emphasizes the haemodynamic and physical manifestations rather than providing a separate catalogue of symptom patterns. The severity of…

…such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish…