…class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The principal drugs identified in the source material are canagliflozin…

…identified CTO without demonstrable ischaemia or viable myocardium provides a less compelling basis for intervention. The source material does not provide a distinct symptom profile…

…activity (PEA). Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination maneuvers for patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

Procedurer Children around the age of three account for the majority of cases, and the great majority of objects can be removed in general practice…

…Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

…the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed…

…to its depth, and has not been assessed for tendon and nerve injury will heal badly however neatly the suture is placed. The commonest cause…

…and Symptoms The source material does not provide specific information on the clinical presentation and symptoms of the underlying conditions for which ACE inhibitors are…

…critically ill patient, AF may be pre existing, newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness. The clinical…

…for which the evidence and recommendations differ from those applicable to elective PCI. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe a distinct…

…with particular vigilance when the clinical history includes hypokalaemia. Endocrine disorders account for many secondary forms. Primary hyperaldosteronism is identified as the most frequent cause…

…material does not cover the baseline clinical presentation and symptoms of the arrhythmias for which sotalol is prescribed. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material…

…shock most commonly reflects severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect…

…It is a PCI related myocardial infarction when angiography or autopsy documents thrombosis and the diagnostic criteria used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled…

…calcium sulfate) Mouldable, cheap, heavier, less strong, takes longer to set Synthetic cast material (fibreglass) Lighter, stronger, radiolucent, tolerates moisture better, more expensive and stiffer…

…Habitual heavy consumption is defined in the source material as at least eight drinks weekly in females or at least 15 drinks weekly in males…

…pathway, whereas P2Y12 receptor antagonists inhibit a separate platelet activation pathway. The principal oral P2Y12 inhibitors discussed in the source material are clopidogrel, prasugrel, and…

…Association (NYHA) classification. The source material specifically frames many pharmacological recommendations for patients with symptomatic NYHA class II–IV HFrEF. Advanced or refractory heart failure…

…temporal association is present; contrast induced AKI should be reserved for the smaller subgroup in which iodinated contrast is considered causally responsible. This distinction is…

…shorter DAPT regimens are used. BMS now account for less than 10% of contemporary PCI procedures according to the source material. First generation DES The…

…level C. The European regulatory threshold described in the source material differs from the trial based threshold: ivabradine was approved for patients with HFrEF, LVEF…

…of thrombotic or atheroembolic material, but pharmacological and mechanical strategies directed specifically at reperfusion injury have not generally demonstrated sufficient clinical benefit for routine use…

…for days after the infusion is discontinued. Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) acts primarily as a vasopressor. While detailed receptor pharmacology is not specified in the source material…

…units Unclassified PH 20 mmHg ≤15 mmHg ≤2 Wood units The source material also presents a CpcPH threshold of PVR ≥3 Wood units in an…

…in the European guideline definition. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material does not describe a distinctive symptom profile for resistant hypertension. In clinical practice…

…enough. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL to anaesthetise the marrow cavity in a conscious patient. Fixation material for the intraosseous needle. Procedure Peripheral venous cannula 1…

…of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (SFAI), together with the antidotes. Material for immobilisation: a shoulder sling, a dorsal backslab, and a colleague to help…

…large full body drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, normal saline to flush all lumens, suture material or a securement device, transparent dressing…

…with mild inflammation Splinting with a cotton wisp Ingrown nail with moderate inflammation Splinting with a strip of suture material or a drain Ingrown nail…

…of the rib, never at the lower border where the neurovascular bundle lies, and the drainage is stopped for coughing, chest pain, or when the…

…The material determines how long the catheter may stay: all silicone and latex with a hydrogel or silicone elastomer coating may remain for up to…

…arrest. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination or general evaluation of patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics…

…carotid bruit is an important marker of cardiovascular risk, although the source material does not provide diagnostic sensitivity or specificity for bruit detection. Its pr

…for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high risk settings described in the source material…

…the LDL receptor gene, LDLR, which account for most cases. Variants in APOB that impair apolipoprotein B binding to the LDL receptor. Gain of function…

…longer serial intervals. Clinical Presentation and Initial Clinical Context Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom initiating evaluation for ACS. Features that increase…

…non HDL C and apolipoprotein B. Causes and secondary contributors A search for secondary contributors is an essential first step. Recognised causes include: Diabetes and…

…Coronary pressure assessment is consequently recommended to complement ICA, particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of…

…procedural complications and bleeding. Clinical presentation The available source material does not provide a detailed description of the presenting symptoms of NSTEMI. It does identify…

…and acute MI procedures. Distal embolization of atheromatous or thrombotic material is an important proposed mechanism. No reflow may produce major short and long term…

…territory. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material addresses posterior infarction primarily in the context of suspected acute coronary syndrome and acute myocardial ischaemia. Patients…

…and the potential for stroke even at blood pressure levels that might otherwise be considered only moderately elevated. The syndrome can produce widespread maternal complications…

…carotid, vertebral and coronary arteries. In one study cited in the source material, FMD was identified in 86% of patients with SCAD. SCAD should therefore…

…presenting feature. The source material emphasizes that patients and families should be educated to recognize chest discomfort or dyspnoea as potentially indicating myocardial infarction, particularly…

…than by diabetes alone. The source material does not provide a detailed symptom profile or symptom based diagnostic algorithm for each condition. Diabetes related AF…

…atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of acute coronary syndrome The major mechanisms producing acute coronary syndromes are: Plaque rupture with exposure of thrombogenic material. Superficial plaque…

…pads should be positioned as standard, and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed…

…The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations…

…request form. Drainage material: rubber dam drain, a strip cut from a glove, petrolatum impregnated packing strip or a vessel loop for loop drainage. Gauze…

…materials: two layer system, four layer system, short stretch bandage, zinc paste bandage (Unna boot), or a class 2–3 compression stocking. Tape measure for…

…The source material does not provide a detailed standardized physical examination protocol beyond assessment for a pulsatile abdominal mass and associated manifestations. Screening for AAA…

…and long term management. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe the typical symptoms or symptom burden of uncomplicated hypertension. It does…

…haemodynamic compromise and rhythm disturbance. The source material does not provide a specific examination profile or diagnostic physical signs for LMCAD. Diagnostic Assessment Coronary angiography…

…may include systemic arterial embolic manifestations. The source material does not provide a detailed catalogue of specific embolic syndromes. Clinical suspicion should be heightened after…

…inferior myocardial infarction. The available source material emphasizes the haemodynamic and physical manifestations rather than providing a separate catalogue of symptom patterns. The severity of…

…artery bypass grafting (CABG) Types 4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of…

…for cardioembolic stroke, cryptogenic stroke, and for emboli arising in the proximal aorta. Cardioembolism is the cause of 30% of all ischemic strokes. Embolic material…

…plaque. Upon such damage, the plaque exposes highly thrombogenic materials which activate circulating platelets and coagulation factors, which results in thrombus formation (Figure 1). Disruption…

…Infections are difficult to heal because the heart valves are not vascularized and therefore it is difficult for the immune system to reach the bacteria…