…1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites, and hepatic enlargement [8, 10…

…than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the…

…considered extremely difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies, starting with glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP 1 RAs) and…

…High Obesity 35.0–39.9 II Very high Extreme obesity ≥40 III Extremely high BMI is useful for screening and population level risk estimation…

…medicine Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes…

…25 and 35. Body mass index For people of South Asian, Chinese and Japanese origin, lower thresholds apply: overweight from a BMI of 23 and…

…least two occasions, and preferably confirmation by home measurement or 24 hour recording — the thresholds for which are lower than for office measurement. Classification of…

…Record a 12 lead ECG and start cardiac monitoring at a plasma potassium above 6.0 mmol/L, and at lower values if the rise…

…Ask specifically about: Neurological symptoms: confusion, visual loss, focal neurological signs, seizures, severe or sudden headache. Chest pain, back pain, dyspnoea, orthopnoea and new sweating…

…height and ethnicity — not against absolute figures. Since 2022 the z score with a lower limit of normal at z = −1.64 (the fifth…

…the fluid, an insertion site in the left lower quadrant lateral to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin on the sample. Indications…

…receptor agonist. • Lowers blood pressure while maintaining or increasing kidney perfusion. Effects Dopamine 1 receptor agonists lower systemic blood pressure and increase renal perfusion. Time…

…implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial. Epidemiological studies have often described a J shaped association between consumption and cardiovascular outcomes, with apparently lower overall…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiological Basis High sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn) assays detect circulating troponin released from injured cardiomyocytes at substantially lower concentrations…

…frequent cause of PCI failure, despite its substantially lower incidence with drug eluting stents (DES) than with bare metal stents (BMS). Clinical ISR is generally…

…observational and interventional evidence. The relationship between LDL C exposure and ASCVD risk is characterized by several principles: Lower LDL C is associated with lower…

…activity; or An equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous intensity activity. Muscle strengthening exercise should additionally be performed on at least 2 days each week…

…there are visible QRS complexes. The signal in the lower lead shows that the rhythm is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (or even flutter). ECG 3 …

…and the metabolic component, but it should not be regarded as fully interchangeable with an arterial sample [3]. Venous pH is on average slightly lower…

…or renal ischaemia. Neurological status, urine output, creatinine, acid–base status and signs of myocardial ischaemia must be monitored during treatment [4,6]. Important exceptions…

…from trauma suggest a lower overall mortality after such protocols are introduced, although the effect on 24 hour mortality is uncertain and the evidence for…

…Postoperative pain. Cancer related pain and pain in the palliative phase. Severe breathlessness in the palliative phase (at lower doses than for pain). An opioid…

…the upper border of the rib, never at the lower border where the neurovascular bundle lies, and the drainage is stopped for coughing, chest pain…

…The QT interval varies inversely with heart rate; it shortens at higher heart rates and lengthens at lower heart rates. To account for this variability…

…function increases risk. Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) : Lower LVEF is associated with worse outcomes. Unprotected Left Main Disease : Increases complexity and risk. Peripheral Vascular…

…longer episodes, a lower threshold for provocation, or symptoms that awaken the patient from sleep. Initial symptoms of NSTEMI and UA may be similar. NSTEMI…

…particularly when a lower DBP, orthostatic hypotension, or impaired autonomic compensation limits tolerability. Evidence Base and Its Limitations Few adults aged 85 years or older…

…influences are particularly important because women have historically been perceived as being at lower cardiovascular risk, including after menopause, contributing to delayed assessment and undertreatment…

…inhibit inflammasome activity, reduce interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 signalling, lower C reactive protein, and impair neutrophil chemotaxis toward inflammatory sites. Its cardiovascular effects…

…They may also permit lower doses of each component, potentially limiting adverse effects and facilitating adherence. Treatment response, however, is heterogeneous, and some patients may…

…descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal lesion. Revascularisation improves myocardial blood flow and angina related health status but…

…monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium, as well as through the direct activation of voltage sensitive calcium channels. At lower doses, dobutamine stimulates beta2 and alpha receptors…

…to benefit from early coronary angiography and revascularization, while avoiding unnecessary procedural complications and bleeding in those at lower risk or in whom the hazards…

…contract plasma volume and modestly lower blood pressure. Increased sodium delivery to the macula densa restores tubuloglomerular feedback, causing afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction and reducing glomerular…

…their capital letters (Q, R, S), and small waves are referred to by their lower case letters (q, r, s). Figure 5 shows examples of…

…a more symmetrical T wave, a more distinct transition from ST segment to T wave and lower T wave amplitude. The T wave should be…

CPR This chapter discusses interventions and evaluations performed during advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS). While basic life support (BLS) can be delivered by virtually anyone…

…of atrial fibrillation correlates strongly with age. Approximately 10% of individuals aged 80 years and above have atrial fibrillation, whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among…

…Cold shower. Ice packs. Heat stroke ( 40°C) Neurological symptoms, confusion, convulsion, tachycardia, hypotension, coma. As above but with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of…

…is 63% to 69%. European and American guidelines concur that the lower normal limit for ejection fraction is 55%. Reduced ejection fraction is defined as…

…should be referred to angiography instead. Exercise stress testing in women Exercise ECG has lower sensitivity and specificity in women. This may be due to…

…However, it may be argued that this cutoff is somewhat arbitrary and there may be individual benefits of initiating treatment at lower blood pressure levels…

…the one examines is located. One can choose to place one or more focus (multiple focus lowers the image update rate). The direction and foc

…the specificity for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R…

…ventricle and the atria work against much lower resistances and therefore have lower oxygen demands. The wall thickness is considerably thinner in the atria and…

…fundamental differences between blood and myocardium in terms of the reflected ultrasound waves. (1) The velocity of myocardial motion is significantly lower than the velocity…

…only suicide attempts have lower survival outcomes. Nonetheless, prompt interventions can reverse cardiac arrest and survivors of traumatic cardiac arrest often exhibit favorable neurological outcomes (…

…Valve replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long…

…hallucinations, seizures and delirium [1,6]. Repeated withdrawal episodes can, through so called kindling, make later episodes more severe and lower the seizure threshold [6]…

…and no grading replaces immediate clinical assessment. The updated international grading comprises five levels, with mild skin and mucosal reactions in the lower grades and…

…after vascular surgery or endovascular intervention. Assessment of healing potential in ulcers and before deciding the level of amputation. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications…

Farmakologi & dosering Infektionssjukdomar Lathundar The doses below are taken from the Strama Stockholm recommendations 2025/2026 and are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min …

…pulsatile blood appears in the hub: lower the angle to close to the plane of the skin and advance a further 1–2 mm so…

…some way inside the visible ice front , and this is why the margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any…

Procedurer Almost all nosebleeds arise from Kiesselbach's plexus on the anterior septum and stop with correctly performed compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often…

Procedurer The single most important step in any eye injury is to measure and document the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second…

…and tempts the operator to inject too high. 2. Palpate the acromion . The injection site lies 2–3 fingerbreadths (about 5 cm) below the lower…

…immunosuppression, papilloedema or new focal neurological signs — CT is performed first. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, coagulation status and an up to date medication list…

…neutropenic fever is limited, but delayed antibiotics are associated with a worse outcome in sepsis and in several studies of neutropenic patients. In septic shock…

…and controlled delivery apply — not the withholding of oxygen. Previous bleomycin treatment — hyperoxia increases the risk of pulmonary toxicity. Keep the saturation in the lower…