…narrow neck. These findings may reflect plaque disruption or thrombus. A rounded or polypoid intraluminal mass and lesion haziness raise suspicion of thrombus, although haziness…

…clean with a tracheostomy or copious secretions Subclavian vein Most comfortable for the patient, the most stable dressing, lowest risk of infection and thrombosis with…

…cribriform plate into the cranium Absolute Corrosive injury of the oesophagus or stomach after ingestion of a caustic substance Absolute Choanal atresia or an occluded…

…local practice Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax…

…should be utilized. The cannula is inserted into the 4th or 5th intercostal space along the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed…

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

…first. Procedure Choice of insertion site The left lower quadrant is the first choice : the abdominal wall is thinner there than on the right, and…

…larger , since a mask that is too small leaks and gives a poorer seal. Procedure Insertion of the laryngeal mask 1. Check the mask, remove…

…swallows — the pharyngeal muscles then guide the tip into the oesophagus rather than into the trachea. Coughing, stridor or an inability to speak means malposition…

…aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation…