…syndrome or guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). ICA therefore has three principal roles: Defining the anatomical distribution and severity of epicardial coronary artery disease (CAD…

…different position or a different vessel. Choice of site Vessel Advantages Disadvantages : : : Internal jugular vein (right) Best ultrasound conditions, a straight course to the superior…

…a fracture in the cribriform plate into the cranium Absolute Corrosive injury of the oesophagus or stomach after ingestion of a caustic substance Absolute Choanal…

…safe triangle (Figure 1). Outside it the risk of injuring the diaphragm, liver, spleen or internal thoracic artery increases. For diagnostic aspiration the point chosen…

…Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations, gunshot wounds) Asthmatic episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung…

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

…first. Procedure Choice of insertion site The left lower quadrant is the first choice : the abdominal wall is thinner there than on the right, and…

…larger , since a mask that is too small leaks and gives a poorer seal. Procedure Insertion of the laryngeal mask 1. Check the mask, remove…

…mouthful of water and hold it. Advance the electrode at the very moment the patient swallows — the pharyngeal muscles then guide the tip into the…

…and a warm, well perfused hand carry more weight. Choice of vessel The radial artery is the first choice : superficial, easy to compress, with a…